Sensation and Perception Flashcards
_________ refers to the process by which _____ organs gather info about the environment and transmit this to the brain for processing. This is taking physical properties and converting them into psychological _______
- Sensation
- sense
- phenomena
Perception is the selection, _________ and interpretation of sensations by the brain
- organisation
the 3 basic principles applicable across senses are: 1, there is no ono-to-one correspondence between ________ and psychological reality, 2, sensation and perception are ________, not passive and 3, sensations and perception are __________
- physical
- active
- adaptive
All sensory organs have ______________________, that respond to stimuli and generate _______ potentials to sensory neurons. This process is called _________
- sensory receptors
- action
- transduction
The brain encodes sensory stimulation for __________ and quality
-intensity
The ____________________ is the minimum amount of stimulation required for someone to notice a stimulus
-absolute threshold
Signal detection theory posits that people make a __________ about whether or not a stimulus is present
-judgement
The difference threshold refers to the lowest level of stimulation required to sense that a ________ in stimulation has occurred. This is the ______________________
- change
- just noticeable difference
_________ law states that regardless of the magnitude of 2 stimuli, the second must differ by a constant proportion from the first in order for it to be noticed as being different
-Weber’s
Fechner’s Law asserts that people only experience a small percentage of actual ________ in stimulus intensity
-increases
___________ power law states that sensations increases in a linear fashion as actual intensity grows exponentially
-Steven’s
Sensory __________ is the trend of sensory systems to respond less to a stimulus that continues without changing
-adaptation
Subliminal perception is the tendency to perceive information outside our _________ awareness
-conscious
The eye is sensitive to _______. Light is focussed onto the retina by the cornea, pupil and _______
- light
- lens
Rods are very sensitive to _______, which allows vision in dim light. Cones are sensitive to _________ which produce the psychological experience of ________. Cones are concentrated at the fovea, the region of the retina most sensitive to detail
- light
- wavelengths
- colour
Ganglion cells in the retina transmit visual info via the _______ nerve to the brain
-optic nerve
___________ cells have receptive fields, which are a region of stimulation to which the neuron responds
-Ganglion
_____________ detectors are specialised cells that respond only when stimulation in their receptive field matches patterns or orientation, like horizontal and vertical lines
-Feature
From the _________________________, visual info flows along 2 processing streams, which determine ‘what’ and _______
- primary visual cortex
- ‘where’
The ‘what’ pathway goes to the ______ lobes through the temporal lobes to help determine what an object is
-occipital
The ‘where’ pathway goes to the ___________ lobes via the temporal lobes to determine where something is in space
-parietal
Wavelength of light is what enables us to experience _______
-colour
The Young-Helmholtz theory, or _______________ theory proposes that the eye contains 3 sensory receptors, one for red, blue and ________
This theory is more associated with the retina level
- trichromatic
- green
The ______________ theory believes that opposite primary colours are linked in 3 systems in the eye. They are blue-yellow, red-green and ___________.
This theory is more associated with the neural level
- Opponent-process theory
- -black-white
Hearing, or ___________ occurs when a vibrating object sets air particles into ________
- audition
- motion
The round of expansion and contraction of air is known as a _________
The number of these per second determine’s a sound wave’s __________, which corresponds to the psychological property of ______
- cycle
- frequency
- pitch
_______________ refers to the height and depth of waves and corresponds to the psychological property of ____________
- Amplitude
- loudness
Sounds waves are amplified in the __________
-eardrum
Transduction of the sound occurs by the hair cells, which are attached to the basilar membrane. They correspond to vibrations in the __________, which is fluid filled
This processes triggers action potentials in the _______________, which are then transmitted to the brain
- cochlea
- auditory nerve
_________ theory posits that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies. This is relatively accurate for ________ frequency sounds
- Place
- high
______________ theory posits that the basilar membrane’s rate of vibration reflects the frequency of sound wave cycles. This explains the sensation of ______ frequency sounds
- Frequency
- low
Smell, or _________ is stimulated by invisible gas molecules in the air
-olfaction
Air flowing into the nose goes through the _____________ epithelium, where receptors respond to molecules and produce smells
-olfactory
Axons of olfactory _______ make up the olfactory ______. This info is then taken to the frontal lobes and onto the primary olfactory cortex
- receptors
- nerve
Gustation, or _______, is sensitive to molecules soluble in saliva
-Taste
Taste works together with _______, to give the sensation of ______
- smell
- flavour
Taste works when ____________, which are the receptors on the tongue, transduce chemical info into neural info which is integrated with __________ info in the brain
- tastebuds
- olfactory
The three senses making up touch are pressure, brain and _________
-temperature
The human body has about 5 millions touch receptors, with over __ different types
-7
Pain is affected by beliefs, ______________ state and expectations
-emotional
_________________ theory posits that pain is largely influenced by the central nervous system though neural fibres that can ‘close the gate’ on pain, preventing transmission of messages
-Gate-control
Proprioceptive senses provide info about the body’s position and __________
-movement
____________ sense provides info about the position of the body in space by sensing gravity and movement
-vestibular
Kinaesthesia provides info about the ______________ and position of the limbs and other body parts relative to one another
-movement
Perception is primarily organisation and __________
-interpretation
Perceptual organisation is the integration of __________ into meaningful units that can be tracked and have their meaning preserved as the perceiver changes views
-sensations
_____ perception is the organisation of sensations into meaningful shapes and patterns, or ________
- form
- percepts
_______ theorists describe form perception as including figure-ground perception, similarity, _________, good continuation, simplicity and closure
- Gestalt
- proximity
the recognition-by-components theory asserts that perception and categorisation of information in the environment occurs by breaking them down into _______ parts
-component
_________ perception is the organisation of perception into 3D images, using binocular and __________ visual cues from retinal images
- Depth
- monocular
______ perception is composed of 2 systems; the first calculates motion from the changing image on the retina, the second using muscular commands to the ____ to signal eye movement. This allows for movement perception
- Motion
- eye
Perceptual constancy is the organising of sensations into perps that are stable in size, shape and ______
-colour
3 types of perceptual constancy are shape, colour constancy and ______
-size
Perceptual ________ are caused by the perceptual processes, which can be innate or influenced by culture and experience and are not always ______
- illusions
- correct
Perceptual interpretation is the generation of meaning from ______ experience. It draws on memory as well as sensations. This is partially learned, but partially innate. Experience also influences this
-sensory
_____________ processing is the process that begins with raw data and feeds ‘up’ to the brain
-Bottom-up
Top-down processing starts at the _____, from the observer’s expectations and knowledge
Perception can occur in both directions simultaneously
-top
the perceptual set is created by the environment and perceptual interpretations, which create perceptual expectations, or _____
-sets
Perceptual sets are made up of _______ and context
-schemas
__________ can also influence perceptual interpretation
-motives
the 8 process (forward and back) from stimulus to brain include: external stimulus, stimulus on receptors, __________, neural processing, __________, recognition, action and knowledge
- transduction
- perception
__________ came up with sense and sensibilia (5 senses)
-aristotle
It is thought that proprioception/kinaesthesia or vestibular senses might be a _____ sense
-sixth
When detecting light, the eye looks for amplitude, ___________ and purity
-wavelength
Light converted into electrical energy is called _________
-transduction
Retina is a network of ________ covering the back of the eye
-neurons
Visual agnosias/prosopagnosia is evidence that sensation is _________ to perception
-separate
Depth perception is figured out using things like how big/small an _________ is (retinal disparity-displays differently when closer/further away), positioning of other objects (__________). These are given by monocular and _________ depth cues. Convergence is also another cue, how close or far objects are from each other). Accommodation of the eye (work it has to do) indicates nearness and depth and Motion Parallax (objects moving more when you tilt your head if they’re closer)
- object
- interposition
- binocular (distance based on differing views from eyes)
________ colour is when multiple sources of light come in with different colours in each source
-additive
__________ colour is when a single source of light with different colours absorbing various wavelengths of the colour spectrum
-subtractive
Wavelengths reaching the eye are determined by properties on the object’s ______. This determine which wavelengths are absorbed and reflected
-surface
Eyes have 3 types of cone sensitive to different ranges of ____________
-wavelengths
Dichromate is when people are insensitive to either red, green or ______
-blue
The Law of Proximity, Law of Similarity, Law of ____________, Law of Closure, Law of Continuity, Law of Symmetry and Law of Simplicity all influence perception
-Common Fate
Figure-Ground Segregation is the separation of an ______ from its ________ by using closure, symmetry, area, orientation and meaning
- object
- background
Figures tend to have ________ while background tend to have larger areas
-symmetry
