Consciousness

Question 1

____________ refers to the subjective awareness of percepts, thoughts, feelings and ________

Answer 1

• consciousness

- behaviour

Question 2

The two functions performed by consciousness include __________ the self and environment and __________ thought and behaviour

Answer 2

• monitoring

- controlling

Question 3

Focussing awareness is called _________. This provides heightened sensitivity to a limited range of experience requiring more extensive information processing

Answer 3

-attention

Question 4

_______________ is splitting attention between two or more stimuli or tasks

Answer 4

-divided attention

Question 5

the flow of _________ is studied through experience-sampling techniques, such as __________ studies.

Answer 5

• consciousness

- beeper

Question 6

Consciousness can be influenced by ______ practices and beliefs. These influence subjective _________ such as experience of time and forces on internal psychological states

Answer 6

• cultural

- awareness

Question 7

Sigmund Freud believed in 3 levels of consciousness processes: conscious, ______________ and unconscious processes

Answer 7

-preconscious

Question 8

Conscious mental processes are are the centre of _______________. Preconscious mental processes are not presently conscious but could become so at any time. _______ are thoughts, feelings and memories that are inaccessible to consciousness because they are threatening

Answer 8

• subjective awareness

- unconscious processes

Question 9

The ______________ unconscious refers to information processing that occurs outside of awareness

Answer 9

cognitive

Question 10

Cognitive theorists argue that consciousness is a mechanism for solving problems that _______ processes cannot optimally solve

Answer 10

automatic

Question 11

The hindbrain and _____________ structures, especially the reticular formation, play an important role in ___________ wakefulness and arousal

Answer 11

• midbrain

- regulating

Question 12

Consciousness appears to be distributed across a number of neural pathways, involving a ________ running through many parts of the brain including the reticular formation, the _________, the cortex and the midbrain

Answer 12

• circuit

- thalamus

Question 13

Our sleep-wake cycle is a _________ rhythm, and evolved around the daily cycles of light and dark

Answer 13

-Circadian

Question 14

Most _______ occurs during REM sleep, but it does occur during deep sleep

Answer 14

-dreaming

Question 15

Freud thought dreams had _________ content, or underlying meaning. He also believed they had a storyline, or __________ content

Answer 15

• latent

- manifest

Question 16

To Freud, latent content showed wishes in the __________ state, but modern psychodynamic theorists believe it is wishes, fears and concerns that underlie dreams

Answer 16

-unconscious

Question 17

Cognitive theorists believe dreams express _________ and current concerns in a distinct language

Answer 17

-thoughts

Question 18

Biological theorists posit that dreams have no meaning, they are simply the ___________ firing of neutrons that the brain attempts to make sense of. This is the Activation-Synthesis Theory

Answer 18

-random

Question 19

Other theorists believe that dreaming plays a role in ________ consolidation

Answer 19

-memory

Question 20

Altered states of ___________ occur when the regular perception, thinking processes and feelings are changed

Answer 20

-consciousness

Question 21

__________ is an altered state of consciousness that occurs when someone ____________ consciousness to a single thought, or expands it to focus on stimuli we don’t normally notice (focussed attention or open monitoring)

Answer 21

• meditation

- narrows

Question 22

Hypnosis is characterised by deep __________ and ________. While this appears to be an altered state, it can sometimes occur under other conditions

Answer 22

• relaxation

- suggestibility

Question 23

___________ experiences can give people a sense of oneness with nature, others and the _______. It can help to break down barriers between self and non-self

Answer 23

• Religious

- supernatural

Question 24

____________ substances act on the ___________ system to alter patterns of perception, thought and feelings. They come in 3 categories: __________, depressants and hallucinogens

Answer 24

• Psychoactive
• nervous system
• stimulants

Question 25

Stimulants increase _______, energy and autonomic activity e.g. caffeine

Answer 25

-alertness

Question 26

__________ slow down the nervous system, e.g. alcohol

Answer 26

-depressants

Question 27

Hallucinogens create hallucinations, where sensations and perceptions occur without ________ stimuli e.g. marijuana, giving a sense of being 'high'

Answer 27

-external stimuli

Question 28

Psychoactive substances alter physiology by facilitating or _________ neural transmission at the synapse, and psychologically through expectations shaped by cultural beliefs

Answer 28

-inhibiting

Question 29

Three theories of sleep include the restoration model (replenish body, restore), the _________________ model (saves energy) and Brain Plasticity and Memory consolidation models (sleep allows info from day to be consolidated)

Answer 29

-Energy conservation model

Question 30

When one is awake and also during REM sleep, Beta waves, of low ________ and high _________ are present in the brain

Answer 30

- voltage | - frequency

Question 31

REM sleep ____________ with age

Answer 31

-decreases

Question 32

Wakefulness and _____________ are the two major factors determining states of consciousness

Answer 32

-awareness

Question 33

Sleep disorder affect more than ____ percent of the population

Answer 33

-10%

Question 34

____________ is characterised by difficulty falling asleep, going back to sleep and waking too early. Generally feel like they don't get enough sleep. More common in __________

Answer 34

- insomnia | - women

Question 35

Insomnia can result in __________ fatigue, irritability, anxiety, impaired _______ and drowsiness

Answer 35

- daytime | - concentration

Question 36

Sleep Apnea is often undiagnosed. _____ of the population is affected by this

Answer 36

-40%

Question 37

During _______________, sufferers have long intervals between breathes diagnosis occurs by using a sleep study

Answer 37

-sleep apnea

Question 38

those who are _________ are more likely to have sleep apnea

Answer 38

-overweight

Question 39

____________ can be a sign of sleep impairment and sleep apnea

Answer 39

-snoring

Question 40

Narcolepsy is where sufferers can ______ asleep at any time during the day Their transferral from wakefulness into REM sleep happens almost immediately

Answer 40

-fall

Question 41

______________ include behaviours that occur inappropriately during sleep, like bed wetting, ________ and sleep walking/talking

Answer 41

- parasomnias | - night terrors

Question 42

Dreams are nearly always from a __________ perspective

Answer 42

-first person

Question 43

Freud's _____________ theory of dreaming thought it to be for wish fulfilment and had underlying content and meaning

Answer 43

-psychoanalytic

Question 44

___________ approaches think dreams allow for creative thinking as logic and reality cannot impair dreams

Answer 44

-Cognitive

Question 45

Opiates and depressants are drugs which lessen _______ and give a sense of euphoria and relaxation. They're dependence inducing and _________.

Answer 45

- inhibitions | - addictive

Question 46

Stimulants, like ___________, and cocaine, increase dopamine, increase ______ levels and give a sense of euphoria. They're addictive

Answer 46

- amphetamines | - energy

Question 47

______________ like LSD and psilocybin increase sensory awareness and serotonin levels

Answer 47

Hallucinogens

Question 48

The 'love drug' or _______ can damage nerve terminals and is a common dance party drug

Answer 48

-ectasy/MDMA

Question 49

Cannabis/marijuana/hashish is a mild __________ and helps to ______ users. It heightens sensory experiences and distorts perception

Answer 49

- hallucinogen | - relax

Question 50

Tolerance to a drug, ____________ and environmental cues influence drug use and affects

Answer 50

-addiction/dependence

Question 51

Drugs cause three main risks including _______, tissue damage and health-impairing behaviour (indirect)

Answer 51

-overdose

Question 52

Synergist drugs (sedatives, narcotics and alcohol) have the greatest risk of _______. CNS depressants and stimulants also carry great health ______

Answer 52

- overdose | - risks