Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Define motivation
- driving force behind behaviour that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others
- may be biological needs or psychosocial needs (power, achievement, relatedness etc.)
Define emotion
-an evaluative response that typically includes physiological arousal, subjective experience and behavioural/emotional expression
What was the central idea of the psychodynamic theory, which emphasised biological motivations?
- motivated by drives (sex and aggression) and internal tension states built up until they were satisfied
- other needs like self-esteem and relatedness have more recently been considered
- separates implicit and explicit motives
Outline the behaviouralist theory on motivation
-we avoid behaviours that invoke punishment and repeat behaviours that are rewarded/reinforced
What do drive-reduction theories propose?
-that deprivation of basic needs create tension, and if the animal produces a behaviour that reduces this tension, the behaviour is reinforced
What is the difference between primary and secondary drives?
- primary drives are innate
- secondary drives are learned through association with primary drives
Which theory postulates that conscious goals regulate much of human action?
Goal-setting theory
What is intrinsic motivation?
-the enjoyment of or interest in an activity for its own sake
which theory believes the people have innate needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness that when fulfilled, nourish intrinsic motivation?
-Self-determination theory
Define implicit motives
-motives that can be activated and expressed outside of conscious awareness
Which theory did Abraham Maslow identify with?
Humanistic theory
What was Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? Name these needs for most basic to most advanced
- a model showing which human needs require fulfilment before higher level needs take over and influence one’s behaviour
- physiological (hunger etc.), safety (shelter), love or belonging (intimacy), esteem (respect from peers) and self actualisation (creativity, personal growth, realise potential)
What was the condensed version of Maslow’s needs hierarchy and what was included in it?
- ERG theory
- Existence, Relatedness, Growth
What are instincts? Which theory are they most pertinent to?
- instincts are fixed behavioural patterns that are not learned
- Evolutionary theory
Many biological motives related to survival involve to need for__________
Homeostasis
Homeostatic systems have:
- a set point (optimal level which is striven to be maintained)
- feedback mechanisms (regulation of variables)
- _______________ (restore homeostasis where needed
Corrective mechanisms
__________________refers to the process by which the body transforms food into energy
- it includes an absorptive phase (body is absorbing nutrients)
- it also includes a _______________phase (converting fuel stores into useful energy)
- Metabolism
- Fasting phase
Hunger and ____________ regulate eating patterns
Satiety mechanisms (turns off desire to eat)
Obesity is characterised by a body weight over _____ above the ideal weight for that person’s height and age
15%
________and _________ are strong predictors of body fat
- Genetic factors
- dietary fat intake
Both _______ and ________drive sexual motivation. It is also shaped by culture
- hormones
- fantasies
Hormones control sexual behaviour in humans and animals by ___________ which influence the structure of neural circuitry and ______________ which activate physiological changes that depend on the circuitry
- organisational effects
- activational effects
Sexual orientation refers to the _________ of someone’s sexual attraction. Same sex/opposite sex
-direction
Psychosocial needs are ______ and interpersonal motives for things like power, mastery, achievement, ____________, intimacy and affiliation
- personal
- self-esteem
2 major clusters of motives across cultures include: ___________ (self orientated goals eg: mastery and power) and relatedness (interpersonal motives for _____ or communion with others
- agnecy
- connection
the ____________refers to the motive to succeed and avoid failure. This is influenced by _____ and economic conditions
- need for achievement
- culture
Achievement motivation includes performance goals (to approach or achieve socially visible standards) and _________goals (to master a skill)
-mastery goals
Motives reflect aspects of _______ (innate factors) and nurture (learning and culture.
-nature
motivation requires cognition (provide the direction of motivation) and ___________ (provide strength/fuel for the motivation)
-emotional energy
Emotion is an ____________ response (positive/negative feeling state), that includes subjective experience, physiological arousal and _________
- Evaluative response
- behavioural expression
the ____________ theory believes that subjective experiences of emotion result from _______ induced by emotion eliciting experiences
an example of this is that we don’t run because we’re afraid, rather we become afraid because we run (our hearts pound etc.)
James-Lange Theory
-bodily experience
The Cannon-Bard theory says that instead the stimuli which causes emotions elicits both _____ and _______ at the same time
- emotional experience
- bodily responses
Recent research suggests emotions are linked with distinct, innate patterns of __________ arousal
-autonomic nervous system arousal
____________ refers to the facial and outward indicators of emotion. These include ___________ and tone of voice
- Emotional expression
- body language
Display rules is the term used to indicate the ________ variable patterns of regulating and displaying emotions
cultural
Happiness, sadness, anger, joy, fear and disgust comprise the _______ list of emotions
-basic
A fundamental distinction in emotional expression is between _______ and _______affect
- positive
- negative
The ____________ activates sympathetic and endocrine responses related to ______
- hypothalamus
- emotion
The limbic system, particularly the _________ is part of the emotional circuit that includes the hypothalamus
-amygdala
The _____ plays roles in emotion, especially the ____ of events
- cortex
- appraisal
The _______ perspective on emotion believes in approach and avoidance systems linked with ______ and _______ affect
- behaviouralist
- positive
- negative
The psychodynamic perspective thinks people can be __________ of their emotional reactions. They believe these influence thought, behaviour and _______
- unconscious
- health
The __________ perspective sees people responding emotionally as depending on the _____________ they make and their inferences as a results of causes of emotions and bodily sensations
- cognitive
- attributions
The __________ theory believes emotion involves 2 factors: ___________ arousal and cognitive interpretation of the arousal
- Schachter-Singer Theory
- physiological
Emotion and ______, which is a constant emotional state that doesn’t disrupt ongoing activities, impact encoding, retrieval, _____ and decision making
- mood
- judgement
According to Charles Darwin’s evolutionary perspective, emotions serve ________ purposes. These include communicative and ______ functions
- adaptive
- motivational
