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Psych 101 > Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Define motivation

A
  • driving force behind behaviour that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others
  • may be biological needs or psychosocial needs (power, achievement, relatedness etc.)
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2
Q

Define emotion

A

-an evaluative response that typically includes physiological arousal, subjective experience and behavioural/emotional expression

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3
Q

What was the central idea of the psychodynamic theory, which emphasised biological motivations?

A
  • motivated by drives (sex and aggression) and internal tension states built up until they were satisfied
  • other needs like self-esteem and relatedness have more recently been considered
  • separates implicit and explicit motives
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4
Q

Outline the behaviouralist theory on motivation

A

-we avoid behaviours that invoke punishment and repeat behaviours that are rewarded/reinforced

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5
Q

What do drive-reduction theories propose?

A

-that deprivation of basic needs create tension, and if the animal produces a behaviour that reduces this tension, the behaviour is reinforced

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6
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary drives?

A
  • primary drives are innate

- secondary drives are learned through association with primary drives

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7
Q

Which theory postulates that conscious goals regulate much of human action?

A

Goal-setting theory

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8
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

-the enjoyment of or interest in an activity for its own sake

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9
Q

which theory believes the people have innate needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness that when fulfilled, nourish intrinsic motivation?

A

-Self-determination theory

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10
Q

Define implicit motives

A

-motives that can be activated and expressed outside of conscious awareness

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11
Q

Which theory did Abraham Maslow identify with?

A

Humanistic theory

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12
Q

What was Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? Name these needs for most basic to most advanced

A
  • a model showing which human needs require fulfilment before higher level needs take over and influence one’s behaviour
  • physiological (hunger etc.), safety (shelter), love or belonging (intimacy), esteem (respect from peers) and self actualisation (creativity, personal growth, realise potential)
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13
Q

What was the condensed version of Maslow’s needs hierarchy and what was included in it?

A
  • ERG theory

- Existence, Relatedness, Growth

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14
Q

What are instincts? Which theory are they most pertinent to?

A
  • instincts are fixed behavioural patterns that are not learned
  • Evolutionary theory
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15
Q

Many biological motives related to survival involve to need for__________

A

Homeostasis

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16
Q

Homeostatic systems have:

  • a set point (optimal level which is striven to be maintained)
  • feedback mechanisms (regulation of variables)
  • _______________ (restore homeostasis where needed
A

Corrective mechanisms

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17
Q

__________________refers to the process by which the body transforms food into energy

  • it includes an absorptive phase (body is absorbing nutrients)
  • it also includes a _______________phase (converting fuel stores into useful energy)
A
  • Metabolism

- Fasting phase

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18
Q

Hunger and ____________ regulate eating patterns

A

Satiety mechanisms (turns off desire to eat)

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19
Q

Obesity is characterised by a body weight over _____ above the ideal weight for that person’s height and age

A

15%

20
Q

________and _________ are strong predictors of body fat

A
  • Genetic factors

- dietary fat intake

21
Q

Both _______ and ________drive sexual motivation. It is also shaped by culture

A
  • hormones

- fantasies

22
Q

Hormones control sexual behaviour in humans and animals by ___________ which influence the structure of neural circuitry and ______________ which activate physiological changes that depend on the circuitry

A
  • organisational effects

- activational effects

23
Q

Sexual orientation refers to the _________ of someone’s sexual attraction. Same sex/opposite sex

A

-direction

24
Q

Psychosocial needs are ______ and interpersonal motives for things like power, mastery, achievement, ____________, intimacy and affiliation

A
  • personal

- self-esteem

25
Q

2 major clusters of motives across cultures include: ___________ (self orientated goals eg: mastery and power) and relatedness (interpersonal motives for _____ or communion with others

A
  • agnecy

- connection

26
Q

the ____________refers to the motive to succeed and avoid failure. This is influenced by _____ and economic conditions

A
  • need for achievement

- culture

27
Q

Achievement motivation includes performance goals (to approach or achieve socially visible standards) and _________goals (to master a skill)

A

-mastery goals

28
Q

Motives reflect aspects of _______ (innate factors) and nurture (learning and culture.

A

-nature

29
Q

motivation requires cognition (provide the direction of motivation) and ___________ (provide strength/fuel for the motivation)

A

-emotional energy

30
Q

Emotion is an ____________ response (positive/negative feeling state), that includes subjective experience, physiological arousal and _________

A
  • Evaluative response

- behavioural expression

31
Q

the ____________ theory believes that subjective experiences of emotion result from _______ induced by emotion eliciting experiences
an example of this is that we don’t run because we’re afraid, rather we become afraid because we run (our hearts pound etc.)

A

James-Lange Theory

-bodily experience

32
Q

The Cannon-Bard theory says that instead the stimuli which causes emotions elicits both _____ and _______ at the same time

A
  • emotional experience

- bodily responses

33
Q

Recent research suggests emotions are linked with distinct, innate patterns of __________ arousal

A

-autonomic nervous system arousal

34
Q

____________ refers to the facial and outward indicators of emotion. These include ___________ and tone of voice

A
  • Emotional expression

- body language

35
Q

Display rules is the term used to indicate the ________ variable patterns of regulating and displaying emotions

A

cultural

36
Q

Happiness, sadness, anger, joy, fear and disgust comprise the _______ list of emotions

A

-basic

37
Q

A fundamental distinction in emotional expression is between _______ and _______affect

A
  • positive

- negative

38
Q

The ____________ activates sympathetic and endocrine responses related to ______

A
  • hypothalamus

- emotion

39
Q

The limbic system, particularly the _________ is part of the emotional circuit that includes the hypothalamus

A

-amygdala

40
Q

The _____ plays roles in emotion, especially the ____ of events

A
  • cortex

- appraisal

41
Q

The _______ perspective on emotion believes in approach and avoidance systems linked with ______ and _______ affect

A
  • behaviouralist
  • positive
  • negative
42
Q

The psychodynamic perspective thinks people can be __________ of their emotional reactions. They believe these influence thought, behaviour and _______

A
  • unconscious

- health

43
Q

The __________ perspective sees people responding emotionally as depending on the _____________ they make and their inferences as a results of causes of emotions and bodily sensations

A
  • cognitive

- attributions

44
Q

The __________ theory believes emotion involves 2 factors: ___________ arousal and cognitive interpretation of the arousal

A
  • Schachter-Singer Theory

- physiological

45
Q

Emotion and ______, which is a constant emotional state that doesn’t disrupt ongoing activities, impact encoding, retrieval, _____ and decision making

A
  • mood

- judgement

46
Q

According to Charles Darwin’s evolutionary perspective, emotions serve ________ purposes. These include communicative and ______ functions

A
  • adaptive

- motivational

Psych 101 (10 decks)

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