Memory

Question 1

________is composed of several systems

Answer 1

-Memory

Question 2

Information has to be put into a mental code or _________ so that it can be recalled after the info has left the mind. The major forms of representations include ___________ representations, ___________ representations and motoric representations

Answer 2

• representations
• sensory
• verbal

Question 3

The most standard model of memory views the mind as a _________, which stores, transforms and retrieves information processing

Answer 3

-computer

Question 4

The three stages of memory are: the _______ register (split second mental representation of a stimuli, lingering after it leaves), the iconic storage ( visual sensual registration) and _________ storage (auditory sensory registration)

Answer 4

• sensory

- echoic

Question 5

Short term memory stores info for roughly ___ to ____ seconds, unless rehearsed (repeated over and over)

Answer 5

-20-30 seconds

Question 6

The rehearsal used in the ____________ memory is called Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 6

-Short term memory

Question 7

Rehearsal used to store memories in the long term memory is referred to as ___________ rehearsal (elaborating on the information’s meaning)

Answer 7

-elaborative

Question 8

Information in the long term memory can last ___________

Answer 8

-a lifetime

Question 9

____________ is the bringing of a representation from long term memory into short term memory and consciousness

Answer 9

-Retrieval

Question 10

More recent views see memory as a set of _______ operating simultaneously, rather than sequentially and one stage at a time

Answer 10

-modules

Question 11

We recognise now that memory is not just ______ information and is more than the mind being like a __________

Answer 11

• retrieving

- computer

Question 12

Short term memory is also referred to as __________ memory, which is the temporary storage and processing of info used to ______ problems, respond to demands and achieve goals

Answer 12

• Working

- solve

Question 13

According to one model, rehearsal, reasoning, __________ making and multitasking are the work of a limited capacity _______ executive system

Answer 13

• decision

- central

Question 14

Storage involves 2 limited-capacity systems; a _________ store (also called visuospatial sketchpad) and _________ store

Answer 14

• visual

- verbal

Question 15

Although in everyday life, the _________ memory and LTM work together, evidence suggests that these two systems are _________ distinct

Answer 15

• working

- neurologically

Question 16

The working memory is associated with the ________ cortex, while LTM is associated with the posterior cortex

Answer 16

-frontal

Question 17

___________ is a technique that can be used to expand working memory-it involves the grouping of information into larger unit, not single words or digits

Answer 17

-chunking

Question 18

Approximately _____ pieces of information can be held in the visual or auditory working memory

Answer 18

7

Question 19

The knowledge in the long term memory is distinguished by the way it is expressed and ____________. The two divisions of long term memory are _________ memory and procedural memory

Answer 19

• retrieved

- declarative

Question 20

__________memory is characterised by its referring to the memory for facts and events. It is subdivided into _________ or generic memory (general world knowledge) and episodic memory (memories of particular events)

Answer 20

• Declarative

- Semantic

Question 21

__________ memory refers to ‘how to’ knowledge of procedures and skills

Answer 21

-Procedural

Question 22

Retrieval of information can occur both _________ and explicitly

Answer 22

-implicitly

Question 23

__________ memory is the conscious recollection, expressed though recall (spontaneous retrieval of info from LTM) or ________ ( memory for whether or not you’ve experienced something before)

Answer 23

• Explicit

- recognition

Question 24

_________ memory is expressed in behaviour rather than being consciously retrieved

Answer 24

-Implicit

Question 25

The _________ and adjacent regions of the cortex help consolidate _________ memories but are not important to the _________ or working memory

Answer 25

- hippocampus - explicit - implicit

Question 26

___________ memory occurs in daily life and is functional (remembers info that is meaningful and emotionally significant)

Answer 26

-Everyday

Question 27

Prospective memory is memory for things that need to be done in the ______

Answer 27

-future

Question 28

___________ info is necessary so that it can be retrieved from memory later. This is making the memory into a code or representational form that be accessed readily

Answer 28

-Encoding

Question 29

The factors influencing later accessibility of memory include: the degree to which the info is elaborated, reflected upon and processed in a meaningful way during _____. These can be called the ___________

Answer 29

- encoding | - level of processing

Question 30

____________ cues (help with recollection), spacing of study sessions (longer intervals between rehearsal are helpful) and using multiple and redundant representational modes to encode info help in the _______ of memories

Answer 30

- Retrieval | - Retrieval

Question 31

Systematic strategies for remembering information include ________ devices and external memory aids

Answer 31

-mnemonic

Question 32

Interconnected memories form associations called ______

Answer 32

-nodes

Question 33

____________________ theory suggests activating one node triggers activation of closely related nodes

Answer 33

-Spreading activation

Question 34

Some information is organised __________, with broad categories filtering to narrower subcategories and finally more specific categories

Answer 34

-hierarchically

Question 35

_________ are organised knowledge about a particular domain

Answer 35

-schemas

Question 36

Schemas work on the idea of memory being active, and that it __________ representations based on initial representations as well as _________ knowledge to fill in the gap

Answer 36

- reconstructs | - general

Question 37

Schemas use _______ and ________ to organise information and facilitate memory

Answer 37

- encoding | - retrieval

Question 38

__________ influences and shapes the nature of schemas depending on what is important and valued

Answer 38

-Culture

Question 39

Ebbinghaus founded the ________ curve, in which lots of information is immediately lost, but the forgetting then tapers off

Answer 39

-forgetting curve

Question 40

____________ memories are vivid memories of exciting or highly consequential events. This gives way sometimes to misremembering

Answer 40

-flashbulb memories

Question 41

Forgetting is explained by ____ different theories: _____ theory ( explains it due to fading memory traces), interference (new and old info getting confused together during retrieval) and ________ forgetting (forgetting for a reason, which can lead to retrieval inhibition)

Answer 41

- 3 - decay theory - motivated

Question 42

Anterograde ________ is the inability to retain new memories

Answer 42

-amnesia

Question 43

Retrograde amnesia is the losing of ______ from a time before brain damage occurred

Answer 43

-memories

Question 44

The phonological _____ is the holding of info in your head, rehearsal

Answer 44

-loop

Question 45

the ________ buffer allows for info to be put together succinctly into an episode, from LTM, auditory and visual sections

Answer 45

-episodic

Question 46

Levels of Processing theory states there to be a structural level of encoding (shallow), and ________ encoding stage (intermediate) and a semantic encoding stage (deep meaning)

Answer 46

-phonemic