Memory Flashcards
________is composed of several systems
-Memory
Information has to be put into a mental code or _________ so that it can be recalled after the info has left the mind. The major forms of representations include ___________ representations, ___________ representations and motoric representations
- representations
- sensory
- verbal
The most standard model of memory views the mind as a _________, which stores, transforms and retrieves information processing
-computer
The three stages of memory are: the _______ register (split second mental representation of a stimuli, lingering after it leaves), the iconic storage ( visual sensual registration) and _________ storage (auditory sensory registration)
- sensory
- echoic
Short term memory stores info for roughly ___ to ____ seconds, unless rehearsed (repeated over and over)
-20-30 seconds
The rehearsal used in the ____________ memory is called Maintenance rehearsal
-Short term memory
Rehearsal used to store memories in the long term memory is referred to as ___________ rehearsal (elaborating on the information’s meaning)
-elaborative
Information in the long term memory can last ___________
-a lifetime
____________ is the bringing of a representation from long term memory into short term memory and consciousness
-Retrieval
More recent views see memory as a set of _______ operating simultaneously, rather than sequentially and one stage at a time
-modules
We recognise now that memory is not just ______ information and is more than the mind being like a __________
- retrieving
- computer
Short term memory is also referred to as __________ memory, which is the temporary storage and processing of info used to ______ problems, respond to demands and achieve goals
- Working
- solve
According to one model, rehearsal, reasoning, __________ making and multitasking are the work of a limited capacity _______ executive system
- decision
- central
Storage involves 2 limited-capacity systems; a _________ store (also called visuospatial sketchpad) and _________ store
- visual
- verbal
Although in everyday life, the _________ memory and LTM work together, evidence suggests that these two systems are _________ distinct
- working
- neurologically
The working memory is associated with the ________ cortex, while LTM is associated with the posterior cortex
-frontal
___________ is a technique that can be used to expand working memory-it involves the grouping of information into larger unit, not single words or digits
-chunking
Approximately _____ pieces of information can be held in the visual or auditory working memory
7
The knowledge in the long term memory is distinguished by the way it is expressed and ____________. The two divisions of long term memory are _________ memory and procedural memory
- retrieved
- declarative
__________memory is characterised by its referring to the memory for facts and events. It is subdivided into _________ or generic memory (general world knowledge) and episodic memory (memories of particular events)
- Declarative
- Semantic
__________ memory refers to ‘how to’ knowledge of procedures and skills
-Procedural
Retrieval of information can occur both _________ and explicitly
-implicitly
__________ memory is the conscious recollection, expressed though recall (spontaneous retrieval of info from LTM) or ________ ( memory for whether or not you’ve experienced something before)
- Explicit
- recognition
_________ memory is expressed in behaviour rather than being consciously retrieved
-Implicit
The _________ and adjacent regions of the cortex help consolidate _________ memories but are not important to the _________ or working memory
- hippocampus
- explicit
- implicit
___________ memory occurs in daily life and is functional (remembers info that is meaningful and emotionally significant)
-Everyday
Prospective memory is memory for things that need to be done in the ______
-future
___________ info is necessary so that it can be retrieved from memory later. This is making the memory into a code or representational form that be accessed readily
-Encoding
The factors influencing later accessibility of memory include: the degree to which the info is elaborated, reflected upon and processed in a meaningful way during _____. These can be called the ___________
- encoding
- level of processing
____________ cues (help with recollection), spacing of study sessions (longer intervals between rehearsal are helpful) and using multiple and redundant representational modes to encode info help in the _______ of memories
- Retrieval
- Retrieval
Systematic strategies for remembering information include ________ devices and external memory aids
-mnemonic
Interconnected memories form associations called ______
-nodes
____________________ theory suggests activating one node triggers activation of closely related nodes
-Spreading activation
Some information is organised __________, with broad categories filtering to narrower subcategories and finally more specific categories
-hierarchically
_________ are organised knowledge about a particular domain
-schemas
Schemas work on the idea of memory being active, and that it __________ representations based on initial representations as well as _________ knowledge to fill in the gap
- reconstructs
- general
Schemas use _______ and ________ to organise information and facilitate memory
- encoding
- retrieval
__________ influences and shapes the nature of schemas depending on what is important and valued
-Culture
Ebbinghaus founded the ________ curve, in which lots of information is immediately lost, but the forgetting then tapers off
-forgetting curve
____________ memories are vivid memories of exciting or highly consequential events. This gives way sometimes to misremembering
-flashbulb memories
Forgetting is explained by ____ different theories: _____ theory ( explains it due to fading memory traces), interference (new and old info getting confused together during retrieval) and ________ forgetting (forgetting for a reason, which can lead to retrieval inhibition)
- 3
- decay theory
- motivated
Anterograde ________ is the inability to retain new memories
-amnesia
Retrograde amnesia is the losing of ______ from a time before brain damage occurred
-memories
The phonological _____ is the holding of info in your head, rehearsal
-loop
the ________ buffer allows for info to be put together succinctly into an episode, from LTM, auditory and visual sections
-episodic
Levels of Processing theory states there to be a structural level of encoding (shallow), and ________ encoding stage (intermediate) and a semantic encoding stage (deep meaning)
-phonemic
