Developmental psych Flashcards
Development in children occurs physically, perceptually, ________ and socially
-cognitively
Change refers to the acquisition or _____ of a behaviour or function
-loss
Change can be continuous and gradual, or _____________ and occurring in stages
-discontinuous
periods of development include prenatal, infancy, _______________, middle-late childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, early adulthood, _______________ and late adulthood
- early childhood
- middle adulthood
nature refers to the development of characteristics as a result of _________. this might include ____________ and biological dispositions
- maturation
- genetics
___________ refers to development resulting from interactions with the environment
-nurture
there are 3 phases of _________ development: these are the germinal stage (first 2 weeks), the ____________ stage (2 weeks-2 months) and the fetal stage (2 months-birth)
- prenatal
- embryonic
Teratogens are ______________ influences that can harm a foetus. These might be drugs, chemicals, viruses or radiation
-environmental
Maternal nutrition and ______ abuse have a huge influence on the health and risk factors associated with their baby
-drug
Microcephaly is a condition affecting babies brought about by __________ consumption by the mother
-alcohol
The cephalocaudal trend describes the motor development from ___________ .
-head to foot
infants gain control over the ______ part of their bodies before the lower part
-upper
The proxidistal trend describes the development from the ____________.
-centre-outward
Infants gain control over their ________ before their ______
-limbs/extremities
motor development is due to maturation (genetically programmed physical changes) and _________ (experimentation and learning from the environment)
-experience
Developmental norms and the median age for these depend on ________. Most however are fairly similar
-culture
Pubescence _________ puberty and lasts approx 2 years. During this time _________ sex characteristics emerge that distinguish the genders
- precedes
- secondary
Puberty is when __________ sex characteristics emerge associated with capability for _____________
- Primary
- reproduction
Girls undergo puberty from __________ as opposed to boys, who are slightly later, with ages from _______
- 10-15
- 11-16
____________ is the enduring emotional tie between a child and their primary caregiver
-attachment
Attachment involves a desire for ________, a sense of security, distress upon absence and interaction based on signals
-closeness
Early attachment theories noted attachment as most often being between a child and _______, especially during ________
- mother
- feeding
Harlow demonstrated that _________________ was important for creating attachment in primates
-contact comfort
infants may have ________________ when they’re separated from their caregiver
-separation anxiety
Ainsworth came up with the _______________ paradigm, which was used to measure a child’s attachment, depending on their level of distress and relief upon their mother and the stranger leaving and entering the room
-Strange situation
The four patterns of attachment include 1. secure (welcomes return, seeks closeness), __________ (ignores mother), ambivalent (shows anger, but seeks closeness) and ___________ (approaches mother but gazes away, odd motor behaviour, dazed_
- avoidant
- disorganised
Evolutionists believe infants emit behaviours that _______ affectionate and protective responses. Children’s attachment patterns depend on the type of care they receive (sensitive, insensitive)
-trigger
the intensity and quality of an infant’s emotional reactions can be an indicator of __________
-personality
personality must find the best fit between a child’s responding style and the demands of the __________
-environment
Thomas and Chess established 3 temperament types based on parental report: 1. _______ (mostly positive, adaptable, regular functioning), 2. Slow to warm up (less active, fairly unadaptive) and 3. _______ (negative moods, stressed, irregular functioning. Other was also included and can be a combination of 2 or more types
- Easy
- Difficult
Cognition refers to mental activities like thinking, knowing __________ and communicating
-remembering
Most theorists thought children knew ______ than adults, but Piaget was the first to suggest that children simply knew __________ from adults
- less
- differently
Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurred in 4 stages: 1. sensorimotor, 2. _____________, 3. Concrete operational and 4. Formal operational. This progresses from having no mental representations of events/experiences and unintentional behaviour, to intentional, purposeful and systematic problem solving
-preoperational
2 major concepts of Piaget’s developmental theory are ___________ (the incorporation of new info into existing knowledge) and __________ (modifying existing knowledge to adjust to new info)
- assimilation
- accommodation
Object ____________ is the understanding that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen or touched. This occurs over the first 2 years of life and indicates capacity for forming internal representations
-permanence
Piaget also came up with the concept of _____________, in which a child believes the world only has their view, and can’t understand the views of others. Linked to animism
-egocentrism
______________ was a Piaget theory in which a child learns to understand the properties of an object even when it changes superficial features
-conservation
Piaget is also credited with propositional thinking theory and hypothetical- __________ thinking theory
-deductive
Piaget adopted a ______ approach to childhood development. He didn’t often consider the role of ___________ and he underestimated the capacity of infants and preschoolers
- stage
- culture
Vygotsky came up with the _______________ theory of cognitive development, in which the role of social interaction as a motivation for cognitive gains and learning was emphasised
-sociocultural
The Zone of Proximal Development stretches from sole performance to __________ cooperation. i.e.. team work increases everyone’s understanding, learning through observation and imitation
-collaborative
Another theory says that changes that occur with age to info processes include processing speed, _______, problem-solving strategies, knowledge base and ___________
- memory
- metacognition
some theories see cognitive development as ___________ rather than occurring in stages
-continuous
Processing speed in children increases __________ between the ages of 6-12 and plateaus around 15
-rapidly
The theory of mind is an ________ set of ideas about the existence of mental states in oneself and others. it includes beliefs and feelings
-implicit
The theory of mind develops between the ages of __ and ___. Prior to developing this, children don’t understand that people can hold false beliefs (reality and thought can differ)
- 2
- 4
Theory of mind is a precursor to perspective taking, which is the ability to understand the _____________ of others
-viewpoints
Morality is linked to emotion by way of ________ and empathy, as well as cognition by was of judgements and decision making
-guilt
Piaget thought morality existed in 2 stages: morality of ___________ ( under 9/10 conforming to ‘unchangeable’ societal rules) and morality of ______________ (10+ seeing rules as safety/fairness strategies that can be changed with mutual consent_
- contraint
- cooperation
Kohlberg proposed that cognitive development influences the development of ________ reasoning
-moral
There are 3 levels of moral reasoning: preconventional (punishment/reward), _____________ (approval/authority’s rules) and postconventional (fallible social rules/personal ethics)
-conventional
The Stage theory of development states 3 components: progression through stages in order, progression through stages related to age and major discontinuities in ___________
-development
Erik Erikson thought there to be ____ stages spanning the lifespan and that a ___________ crisis determined balance between opposing polarities in personality
- 8
- psychosocial
Erikson wanted his model of _____________ stages to supplement Freud’s ___________ stages. He thought that at each stage and developmental task, an individual could either thrive or __________
- psychosocial
- psychosexual
- derail
The stages of Erikson’s theory include: 1. trust in the world, 2. taking personal responsibility for ______ functions, 3. initiative taking 4. learning societal functioning beyond family, 5. identity, 6. intimacy/isolation, 7. contribution, 8. integrity/despair
-basic
Adulthood can mean development of personality, social life and _________ as well as physical and ________ changes
- career
- cognitive
Psychomotor processing _______ as we age
Memory _________ can become more difficult
- slows
- retrieval
Crystallised memory remains strong despite age, however _____ intelligence declines
-fluid
Cultural variance as well as the environment and _________ of genes influences development and behaviour
-heredity
