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Psych 101 > Developmental psych > Flashcards

Developmental psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Development in children occurs physically, perceptually, ________ and socially

A

-cognitively

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2
Q

Change refers to the acquisition or _____ of a behaviour or function

A

-loss

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3
Q

Change can be continuous and gradual, or _____________ and occurring in stages

A

-discontinuous

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4
Q

periods of development include prenatal, infancy, _______________, middle-late childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, early adulthood, _______________ and late adulthood

A
  • early childhood

- middle adulthood

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5
Q

nature refers to the development of characteristics as a result of _________. this might include ____________ and biological dispositions

A
  • maturation

- genetics

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6
Q

___________ refers to development resulting from interactions with the environment

A

-nurture

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7
Q

there are 3 phases of _________ development: these are the germinal stage (first 2 weeks), the ____________ stage (2 weeks-2 months) and the fetal stage (2 months-birth)

A
  • prenatal

- embryonic

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8
Q

Teratogens are ______________ influences that can harm a foetus. These might be drugs, chemicals, viruses or radiation

A

-environmental

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9
Q

Maternal nutrition and ______ abuse have a huge influence on the health and risk factors associated with their baby

A

-drug

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10
Q

Microcephaly is a condition affecting babies brought about by __________ consumption by the mother

A

-alcohol

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11
Q

The cephalocaudal trend describes the motor development from ___________ .

A

-head to foot

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12
Q

infants gain control over the ______ part of their bodies before the lower part

A

-upper

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13
Q

The proxidistal trend describes the development from the ____________.

A

-centre-outward

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14
Q

Infants gain control over their ________ before their ______

A

-limbs/extremities

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15
Q

motor development is due to maturation (genetically programmed physical changes) and _________ (experimentation and learning from the environment)

A

-experience

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16
Q

Developmental norms and the median age for these depend on ________. Most however are fairly similar

A

-culture

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17
Q

Pubescence _________ puberty and lasts approx 2 years. During this time _________ sex characteristics emerge that distinguish the genders

A
  • precedes

- secondary

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18
Q

Puberty is when __________ sex characteristics emerge associated with capability for _____________

A
  • Primary

- reproduction

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19
Q

Girls undergo puberty from __________ as opposed to boys, who are slightly later, with ages from _______

A
  • 10-15

- 11-16

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20
Q

____________ is the enduring emotional tie between a child and their primary caregiver

A

-attachment

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21
Q

Attachment involves a desire for ________, a sense of security, distress upon absence and interaction based on signals

A

-closeness

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22
Q

Early attachment theories noted attachment as most often being between a child and _______, especially during ________

A
  • mother

- feeding

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23
Q

Harlow demonstrated that _________________ was important for creating attachment in primates

A

-contact comfort

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24
Q

infants may have ________________ when they’re separated from their caregiver

A

-separation anxiety

25
Q

Ainsworth came up with the _______________ paradigm, which was used to measure a child’s attachment, depending on their level of distress and relief upon their mother and the stranger leaving and entering the room

A

-Strange situation

26
Q

The four patterns of attachment include 1. secure (welcomes return, seeks closeness), __________ (ignores mother), ambivalent (shows anger, but seeks closeness) and ___________ (approaches mother but gazes away, odd motor behaviour, dazed_

A
  • avoidant

- disorganised

27
Q

Evolutionists believe infants emit behaviours that _______ affectionate and protective responses. Children’s attachment patterns depend on the type of care they receive (sensitive, insensitive)

A

-trigger

28
Q

the intensity and quality of an infant’s emotional reactions can be an indicator of __________

A

-personality

29
Q

personality must find the best fit between a child’s responding style and the demands of the __________

A

-environment

30
Q

Thomas and Chess established 3 temperament types based on parental report: 1. _______ (mostly positive, adaptable, regular functioning), 2. Slow to warm up (less active, fairly unadaptive) and 3. _______ (negative moods, stressed, irregular functioning. Other was also included and can be a combination of 2 or more types

A
  • Easy

- Difficult

31
Q

Cognition refers to mental activities like thinking, knowing __________ and communicating

A

-remembering

32
Q

Most theorists thought children knew ______ than adults, but Piaget was the first to suggest that children simply knew __________ from adults

A
  • less

- differently

33
Q

Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurred in 4 stages: 1. sensorimotor, 2. _____________, 3. Concrete operational and 4. Formal operational. This progresses from having no mental representations of events/experiences and unintentional behaviour, to intentional, purposeful and systematic problem solving

A

-preoperational

34
Q

2 major concepts of Piaget’s developmental theory are ___________ (the incorporation of new info into existing knowledge) and __________ (modifying existing knowledge to adjust to new info)

A
  • assimilation

- accommodation

35
Q

Object ____________ is the understanding that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen or touched. This occurs over the first 2 years of life and indicates capacity for forming internal representations

A

-permanence

36
Q

Piaget also came up with the concept of _____________, in which a child believes the world only has their view, and can’t understand the views of others. Linked to animism

A

-egocentrism

37
Q

______________ was a Piaget theory in which a child learns to understand the properties of an object even when it changes superficial features

A

-conservation

38
Q

Piaget is also credited with propositional thinking theory and hypothetical- __________ thinking theory

A

-deductive

39
Q

Piaget adopted a ______ approach to childhood development. He didn’t often consider the role of ___________ and he underestimated the capacity of infants and preschoolers

A
  • stage

- culture

40
Q

Vygotsky came up with the _______________ theory of cognitive development, in which the role of social interaction as a motivation for cognitive gains and learning was emphasised

A

-sociocultural

41
Q

The Zone of Proximal Development stretches from sole performance to __________ cooperation. i.e.. team work increases everyone’s understanding, learning through observation and imitation

A

-collaborative

42
Q

Another theory says that changes that occur with age to info processes include processing speed, _______, problem-solving strategies, knowledge base and ___________

A
  • memory

- metacognition

43
Q

some theories see cognitive development as ___________ rather than occurring in stages

A

-continuous

44
Q

Processing speed in children increases __________ between the ages of 6-12 and plateaus around 15

A

-rapidly

45
Q

The theory of mind is an ________ set of ideas about the existence of mental states in oneself and others. it includes beliefs and feelings

A

-implicit

46
Q

The theory of mind develops between the ages of __ and ___. Prior to developing this, children don’t understand that people can hold false beliefs (reality and thought can differ)

A
  • 2

- 4

47
Q

Theory of mind is a precursor to perspective taking, which is the ability to understand the _____________ of others

A

-viewpoints

48
Q

Morality is linked to emotion by way of ________ and empathy, as well as cognition by was of judgements and decision making

A

-guilt

49
Q

Piaget thought morality existed in 2 stages: morality of ___________ ( under 9/10 conforming to ‘unchangeable’ societal rules) and morality of ______________ (10+ seeing rules as safety/fairness strategies that can be changed with mutual consent_

A
  • contraint

- cooperation

50
Q

Kohlberg proposed that cognitive development influences the development of ________ reasoning

A

-moral

51
Q

There are 3 levels of moral reasoning: preconventional (punishment/reward), _____________ (approval/authority’s rules) and postconventional (fallible social rules/personal ethics)

A

-conventional

52
Q

The Stage theory of development states 3 components: progression through stages in order, progression through stages related to age and major discontinuities in ___________

A

-development

53
Q

Erik Erikson thought there to be ____ stages spanning the lifespan and that a ___________ crisis determined balance between opposing polarities in personality

A
  • 8

- psychosocial

54
Q

Erikson wanted his model of _____________ stages to supplement Freud’s ___________ stages. He thought that at each stage and developmental task, an individual could either thrive or __________

A
  • psychosocial
  • psychosexual
  • derail
55
Q

The stages of Erikson’s theory include: 1. trust in the world, 2. taking personal responsibility for ______ functions, 3. initiative taking 4. learning societal functioning beyond family, 5. identity, 6. intimacy/isolation, 7. contribution, 8. integrity/despair

A

-basic

56
Q

Adulthood can mean development of personality, social life and _________ as well as physical and ________ changes

A
  • career

- cognitive

57
Q

Psychomotor processing _______ as we age

Memory _________ can become more difficult

A
  • slows

- retrieval

58
Q

Crystallised memory remains strong despite age, however _____ intelligence declines

A

-fluid

59
Q

Cultural variance as well as the environment and _________ of genes influences development and behaviour

A

-heredity

Psych 101 (10 decks)

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