Developmental psych

Question 1

Development in children occurs physically, perceptually, ________ and socially

Answer 1

-cognitively

Question 2

Change refers to the acquisition or _____ of a behaviour or function

Answer 2

-loss

Question 3

Change can be continuous and gradual, or _____________ and occurring in stages

Answer 3

-discontinuous

Question 4

periods of development include prenatal, infancy, _______________, middle-late childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, early adulthood, _______________ and late adulthood

Answer 4

• early childhood

- middle adulthood

Question 5

nature refers to the development of characteristics as a result of _________. this might include ____________ and biological dispositions

Answer 5

• maturation

- genetics

Question 6

___________ refers to development resulting from interactions with the environment

Answer 6

-nurture

Question 7

there are 3 phases of _________ development: these are the germinal stage (first 2 weeks), the ____________ stage (2 weeks-2 months) and the fetal stage (2 months-birth)

Answer 7

• prenatal

- embryonic

Question 8

Teratogens are ______________ influences that can harm a foetus. These might be drugs, chemicals, viruses or radiation

Answer 8

-environmental

Question 9

Maternal nutrition and ______ abuse have a huge influence on the health and risk factors associated with their baby

Answer 9

-drug

Question 10

Microcephaly is a condition affecting babies brought about by __________ consumption by the mother

Answer 10

-alcohol

Question 11

The cephalocaudal trend describes the motor development from ___________ .

Answer 11

-head to foot

Question 12

infants gain control over the ______ part of their bodies before the lower part

Answer 12

-upper

Question 13

The proxidistal trend describes the development from the ____________.

Answer 13

-centre-outward

Question 14

Infants gain control over their ________ before their ______

Answer 14

-limbs/extremities

Question 15

motor development is due to maturation (genetically programmed physical changes) and _________ (experimentation and learning from the environment)

Answer 15

-experience

Question 16

Developmental norms and the median age for these depend on ________. Most however are fairly similar

Answer 16

-culture

Question 17

Pubescence _________ puberty and lasts approx 2 years. During this time _________ sex characteristics emerge that distinguish the genders

Answer 17

• precedes

- secondary

Question 18

Puberty is when __________ sex characteristics emerge associated with capability for _____________

Answer 18

• Primary

- reproduction

Question 19

Girls undergo puberty from __________ as opposed to boys, who are slightly later, with ages from _______

Answer 19

• 10-15

- 11-16

Question 20

____________ is the enduring emotional tie between a child and their primary caregiver

Answer 20

-attachment

Question 21

Attachment involves a desire for ________, a sense of security, distress upon absence and interaction based on signals

Answer 21

-closeness

Question 22

Early attachment theories noted attachment as most often being between a child and _______, especially during ________

Answer 22

• mother

- feeding

Question 23

Harlow demonstrated that _________________ was important for creating attachment in primates

Answer 23

-contact comfort

Question 24

infants may have ________________ when they’re separated from their caregiver

Answer 24

-separation anxiety

Question 25

Ainsworth came up with the _______________ paradigm, which was used to measure a child's attachment, depending on their level of distress and relief upon their mother and the stranger leaving and entering the room

Answer 25

-Strange situation

Question 26

The four patterns of attachment include 1. secure (welcomes return, seeks closeness), __________ (ignores mother), ambivalent (shows anger, but seeks closeness) and ___________ (approaches mother but gazes away, odd motor behaviour, dazed_

Answer 26

- avoidant | - disorganised

Question 27

Evolutionists believe infants emit behaviours that _______ affectionate and protective responses. Children's attachment patterns depend on the type of care they receive (sensitive, insensitive)

Answer 27

-trigger

Question 28

the intensity and quality of an infant's emotional reactions can be an indicator of __________

Answer 28

-personality

Question 29

personality must find the best fit between a child's responding style and the demands of the __________

Answer 29

-environment

Question 30

Thomas and Chess established 3 temperament types based on parental report: 1. _______ (mostly positive, adaptable, regular functioning), 2. Slow to warm up (less active, fairly unadaptive) and 3. _______ (negative moods, stressed, irregular functioning. Other was also included and can be a combination of 2 or more types

Answer 30

- Easy | - Difficult

Question 31

Cognition refers to mental activities like thinking, knowing __________ and communicating

Answer 31

-remembering

Question 32

Most theorists thought children knew ______ than adults, but Piaget was the first to suggest that children simply knew __________ from adults

Answer 32

- less | - differently

Question 33

Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurred in 4 stages: 1. sensorimotor, 2. _____________, 3. Concrete operational and 4. Formal operational. This progresses from having no mental representations of events/experiences and unintentional behaviour, to intentional, purposeful and systematic problem solving

Answer 33

-preoperational

Question 34

2 major concepts of Piaget's developmental theory are ___________ (the incorporation of new info into existing knowledge) and __________ (modifying existing knowledge to adjust to new info)

Answer 34

- assimilation | - accommodation

Question 35

Object ____________ is the understanding that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen or touched. This occurs over the first 2 years of life and indicates capacity for forming internal representations

Answer 35

-permanence

Question 36

Piaget also came up with the concept of _____________, in which a child believes the world only has their view, and can't understand the views of others. Linked to animism

Answer 36

-egocentrism

Question 37

______________ was a Piaget theory in which a child learns to understand the properties of an object even when it changes superficial features

Answer 37

-conservation

Question 38

Piaget is also credited with propositional thinking theory and hypothetical- __________ thinking theory

Answer 38

-deductive

Question 39

Piaget adopted a ______ approach to childhood development. He didn't often consider the role of ___________ and he underestimated the capacity of infants and preschoolers

Answer 39

- stage | - culture

Question 40

Vygotsky came up with the _______________ theory of cognitive development, in which the role of social interaction as a motivation for cognitive gains and learning was emphasised

Answer 40

-sociocultural

Question 41

The Zone of Proximal Development stretches from sole performance to __________ cooperation. i.e.. team work increases everyone's understanding, learning through observation and imitation

Answer 41

-collaborative

Question 42

Another theory says that changes that occur with age to info processes include processing speed, _______, problem-solving strategies, knowledge base and ___________

Answer 42

- memory | - metacognition

Question 43

some theories see cognitive development as ___________ rather than occurring in stages

Answer 43

-continuous

Question 44

Processing speed in children increases __________ between the ages of 6-12 and plateaus around 15

Answer 44

-rapidly

Question 45

The theory of mind is an ________ set of ideas about the existence of mental states in oneself and others. it includes beliefs and feelings

Answer 45

-implicit

Question 46

The theory of mind develops between the ages of __ and ___. Prior to developing this, children don't understand that people can hold false beliefs (reality and thought can differ)

Answer 46

- 2 | - 4

Question 47

Theory of mind is a precursor to perspective taking, which is the ability to understand the _____________ of others

Answer 47

-viewpoints

Question 48

Morality is linked to emotion by way of ________ and empathy, as well as cognition by was of judgements and decision making

Answer 48

-guilt

Question 49

Piaget thought morality existed in 2 stages: morality of ___________ ( under 9/10 conforming to 'unchangeable' societal rules) and morality of ______________ (10+ seeing rules as safety/fairness strategies that can be changed with mutual consent_

Answer 49

- contraint | - cooperation

Question 50

Kohlberg proposed that cognitive development influences the development of ________ reasoning

Answer 50

-moral

Question 51

There are 3 levels of moral reasoning: preconventional (punishment/reward), _____________ (approval/authority's rules) and postconventional (fallible social rules/personal ethics)

Answer 51

-conventional

Question 52

The Stage theory of development states 3 components: progression through stages in order, progression through stages related to age and major discontinuities in ___________

Answer 52

-development

Question 53

Erik Erikson thought there to be ____ stages spanning the lifespan and that a ___________ crisis determined balance between opposing polarities in personality

Answer 53

- 8 | - psychosocial

Question 54

Erikson wanted his model of _____________ stages to supplement Freud's ___________ stages. He thought that at each stage and developmental task, an individual could either thrive or __________

Answer 54

- psychosocial - psychosexual - derail

Question 55

The stages of Erikson's theory include: 1. trust in the world, 2. taking personal responsibility for ______ functions, 3. initiative taking 4. learning societal functioning beyond family, 5. identity, 6. intimacy/isolation, 7. contribution, 8. integrity/despair

Answer 55

-basic

Question 56

Adulthood can mean development of personality, social life and _________ as well as physical and ________ changes

Answer 56

- career | - cognitive

Question 57

Psychomotor processing _______ as we age | Memory _________ can become more difficult

Answer 57

- slows | - retrieval

Question 58

Crystallised memory remains strong despite age, however _____ intelligence declines

Answer 58

-fluid

Question 59

Cultural variance as well as the environment and _________ of genes influences development and behaviour

Answer 59

-heredity