Learning Flashcards
4 factors that help explain the power of operant conditioning include schedules of reinforcement, discriminative stimuli (that signal the reinforcement is in effect), the __________ context and the characteristics of the learner
-behavioural
in a ___________ schedule of reinforcement, environmental consequences are the same each time an animal emits a behaviour
-continuous
in an intermittent schedule of ____________, reinforcement doesn’t occur every time a response is emitted
-reinforcement
in a fixed-ratio __________ of reinforcement, reinforcement occurs at a fixed rate depending on the number of operant responses emitted
-schedule
in a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement, reward is given for a percentage of responses, but the number of responses required is ______________
-unpredictable
fixed-interval schedules result in an animal receiving reinforcement after a fixed amount of _______
-time
variable interval schedules ensure the animal does not know how long the __________________ between reinforcements will be
-time interval
_____________is the alteration of autonomic responses, usually used in classical conditioning, but which can also be utilised in operant conditioning
-biofeedback
Most learned behaviours involved both __________ and ____________ conditioning
- classical
- operant
___________________ theory uses concepts from behaviourism but adds the features of cognition and social learning
-cognitive-social theory
Mental images, or __________ can be used for ______________, which has occurred but isn’t shown in present behaviour
- cognitive maps
- latent learning
Cognitive-social theory posits that _____________ of the consequences of behaviour make it more or less likely to occur
-expectancies
the Locus of control is the generalised expectancies people hold about whether or not a particular ____________ will result in the ___________ they prefer
- behaviour
- outcomes
_________________ is the expectancy that adverse events cannot be escaped. Motivational and learning deficits can result from this
-Learned helplessness
Explanatory style is the way people make sense of ______ events
-negative
Those with a _________ explanatory style see bad events as being caused by internal, stable and global causes
-pessimistic
_____________ and community influence peoples expectancies, explanatory styles and locus of control
-culture
Social learning occurs by __________ interaction
-social
_______________ learning occurs by observing the behaviour of others
-observational
Tutelage is _________________
-direct instruction
_____________ is the process whereby someone/thing repeats a behaviour that they saw in someone else
-modelling
vicarious conditioning is when a person learns the consequences of something by observing its _________ for someone else
-consequences
