Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 101 > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Synesthesia

A

The “crossing” of the senses, senses are connected
e.g. 6 is a number that is green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The nervous system is connected to the environment through…

A

The senses (sensory systems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Purpose of the nervous system being connected to the environment

A

To guide behaviour (approach/avoid), specific for survival and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sensation

A

Detecting external events by sense organs and turning it into neural signals (basic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Perception

A

Organizing sensory info in the brain for a meaningful interpretation (more complex), tied to thought and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sensory Psychologists study relationships between…

A
  1. Physical Stimulus, 2. Physiological Response and 3. Sensory Experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Physical Stimulus

A

The matter or energy in the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Physiological Response

A

Pattern of chemical and electrical activity in sense organs and CNS in response to Physical Stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sensory Experience

A

The subjective psychological sensation (perception)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

5 Major Senses

A

Taste, Touch, Hearing, Vision, Smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sense of Smell

A

Molecules dissolved in fluid on mucous membranes in the nose trigger a response in the sensitive ends of olfactory neurons in olfactory epithelium in the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sense of Taste

A

Molecules dissolved in fluid on the tongue trigger a response in the taste cells that are within taste buds on the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sense of Touch

A

Pressure on the skin triggers sensitive ends of touch neurons in skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sense of Pain

A

Potentially harmful stimuli triggers sensitive ends of pain neurons in skin and other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sense of Hearing

A

Sound waves are sensed by pressure-sensitive hair cells in cochlea of inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sense of Vision

A

Light waves are sensed by light sensitive rods and cones in retina of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Steps of message getting to brain

A
  1. Stimulation of sensory receptors (Reception)
    - Initiate neural impulses to sensory neurons
  2. Physical/chemical stimulation converted into nerve impulse (TRANSDUCTION)
  3. Message arriving in the brain (sent to many different parts of the brain, including specific sensory areas of cortex.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sensory Coding

A

Senses preserve relevant information in step 2, interpreted in step 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Qualitative variation

A

Perceived as a precise type of energy
e.g. lights of different wavelengths (perceived as different colours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Quantitative variation

A

Interpreted as an intensity, e.g. a sound or light can be weak or strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

The reduction of activity in sensory receptors with repeated stimulus exposure
- Change in sensitivity when receptors are consistently stimulated or unstimulated
e.g. turning off the lights at night, rods were understimulated, become extra sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stimulus Thresholds

A

How loud does someone need to whisper for you to hear it? etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Measures sensitivity
- Faintest detectable stimulus
- Varies from person to person
- Weakest amount can detect 50% of the time
- Get higher with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

William Fechner

A

One of the first psychophysicists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Psychophysics

A

How physical energy relates to psychological experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Difference Threshold

A

Depends on magnitude of original stimulus
- Just noticeable difference
- Varies according to Weber’s law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Weber’s Law

A

JND changes as a proportion of stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Stimuli is processed with previous experience and other senses
- integrated wholes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the purpose of human vision?

A

Identifying meaningful objects and movements
- Visual system has sorted all points and gradations in the reflected light into useful pieces through problems solving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

We perceive whole, organized patterns rather than parts
- The organization of the parts, not the parts themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does “Gestalt” mean?

A

Means “form” or “whole” in German

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Form Perception

A

We automatically divide the visual scene into two parts (1. figure, 2. background)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Gestalt Grouping Principles

A

Proximity, Similarity, Connectedness, Closure, Illusory Contours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of stimulus energy to electrical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Conservative Response Bias

A

Lots of misses and no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Liberal Response Bias

A

Lots of yes and false alarms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Weber Fraction

A

Ratio of minimum change in magnitude of stimulus to overall magnitude of stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

Adjustment of your eyes to a dark room

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Perceptual Adaptation

A

Occurs in the brain, results in after affects (brain perceiving opposite of what it was exposed to)
Example: Waterfall illusion

40
Q

Autism

A

Reduced sensory adaptation, hypersensitivity, harder to detect changes in environment

41
Q

Echolocation

A

Animals use soundwaves to map out an area
ex. dolphins, bats, owls, etc.

42
Q

What are the best smellers on land?

A

Bears are known to be the best smellers, 7x better than a bloodhound, 2000x better than a human
- Olfactory cortex is 5x larger than a human

43
Q

What range of wavelengths of light can humans detect?

A

750nm to 390nm (visible light)

44
Q

What is the Just-noticeable difference of light?

A

Approx 1nm

45
Q

Wavelength of light

A

Hue of colour

46
Q

Amplitude of light

A

Max height of wave, intensity of brightness of light

47
Q

Spectral colours

A

Colours that are made of one or just a few wavelengths

48
Q

Iris

A

Decreases/increases side of pupil

49
Q

Lens

A

Bends light to focus image on retina (fovea)

50
Q

Accommodation

A

Adjusting the lens to focus the image

51
Q

Presbyopia

A

Lens gets less elastic as people get older, accommodation ability weakens

52
Q

Visual Transduction occurs….

A

In the rods and cones of the eye

53
Q

Myopia

A

Objects projected in front of fovea

54
Q

Hyperopia

A

Objects projected behind fovea

55
Q

Photoreceptor cells

A

Contain photopigments

56
Q

Photopigments

A

Sensitive to specific wavelengths of light

57
Q

What happens when light hits photoreceptors?

A

It causes a chemical change to the photopigments and they change shape, which alters ion flow through the photoreceptor cell and the ionic concentration generates electricity, which moves to bipolar cells/ganglion cells -> ACTION POTENTIAL

58
Q

Rods

A

All have same photopigment, important for SENSITIVITY, many are connected to one ganglion cell, used for dark vision

59
Q

Cones

A

Have one of three photopigments, specialized for acuity, one to one match with bipolar/ganglion cells

60
Q

How many rods and cones are there?

A

120 million rods, 5 million cones

61
Q

Fovea

A

Location where most cones are found, most sensitive part of retina

62
Q

Foveation

A

Focusing different stimuli on fovea through moving eyes

63
Q

Acuity

A

Sharpness or specifity of perception

64
Q

Sensitivity

A

Ability to detect a stimulus

65
Q

Cortical magnification factor

A

Regions that require more detail (finer discrimination) get more cortical space

66
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

Vision without knowing

67
Q

Hierarchical analysis

A

Levels of the brain create more complete representation of the environment

68
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Information from each optic nerve diverges (switches sides)
- Left side of retina to left hemisphere

69
Q

Feature detectors

A

Detect basic features
- ex. edges, lines, angles, etc.

70
Q

Visual Association cortex

A

Secondary visual cortices
Damage results in difficulty organizing details

71
Q

Ventral visual pathway

A

Along temporal lobe, answers “what” questions, damage results in difficulty recognizing objects

72
Q

Dorsal visual pathway

A

Along parietal lobe, “where” and “how” questions, damage results in difficulty understanding where it is and how to use

73
Q

Focused attention

A

The way that the ventral and dorsal visual pathway communicate

74
Q

Movement Perception

A

Occurs in Middle Temporal Cortex, part of Dorsal pathway
- Knowing where something is depends on how it is moving
- Responds to motion in specific directions

75
Q

Akinetopsia

A

Unable to perceive motion

76
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

Separate lights or images flashing in rapid succession perceived as a fluid movement

77
Q

Sound waves

A

Are made of air pressure waves

78
Q

Frequency in sound

A

Results in pitch (Hz)

79
Q

Amplitude in sound

A

Volume, measured in dB

80
Q

Timbre

A

Quality of sound
- Multiple wavelengths of sound

81
Q

Human auditory range

A

20 to 20000 Hz

82
Q

Pinna

A

Outer ear, sound funnel

83
Q

Ear canal

A

Enhances certain sound frequencies

84
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Also known as the eardrum, vibrates, is the boundary between outer and middle ear

85
Q

Ossicles

A

Tiny bones in middle ear (hammer, anvil and stirrup), connects eardrum to oval window, amplifies vibrations

86
Q

Oval Window

A

Boundary between middle and inner ear, connects to cochlea

87
Q

Cochlea

A

Transducer of the ear, full of fluid.

88
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Vibrates when fluid in cochlea moves, causes cilia to bend

89
Q

Cilia

A

More than 10 000 in each ear, bending triggers nerve impulses
- Bending in one direction depolarizes, other hyperpolarizes

90
Q

Auditory nerve

A

Transfers information from cilia to brainstem

91
Q

Frequency Theory

A
  • Brain uses frequency of hair cell firing to determine pitch
  • Neural hair alternate firing to account for higher pitches
  • Better explains lower pitches, doesn’t account for amplitude
92
Q

Place Theory

A
  • Discovered by Hermann von Helmholtz
  • Different pitches come from different places along basilar membrane
  • High: beginning
  • Low: tip
93
Q

Georg von Bekesy

A

Proved Place Theory using cadavers

94
Q

Place-frequency map/ tonotopic organization

A

Areas on the basilar membrane and primary auditory cortex corresponds with the order of their frequencies

95
Q

What is the timing difference between the two ears?

A

0.000027 seconds

96
Q

How do humans localize sound?

A

Using the timing difference between two ears, and the sound barrier the head creates, also using visual feedback to assist.

PSYCH 101 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions