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PSYCH 101 > Neuropsychology > Flashcards

Neuropsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuroscience

A

The study of how nerves and cells send and receive information form the brain, body and spinal cord

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2
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outermost layer of the brain; responsible for emotions, mental activity, cognitive skills and a sense of mind and self

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3
Q

Outer frontal cortex

A

Understanding of others and self, controls decisions and actions

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4
Q

Synapse

A

How neurons communicate with each other using neurotransmitters and chemical signals

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5
Q

Neurodiversity

A

DIfferences in individuals’ brain function

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6
Q

Motor neurons

A

Send messages AWAY from the brain

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7
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Send messages TO the brain

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8
Q

Interneurons

A

Connecting other neurons

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9
Q

50 different hormones

A

Adrenal glands can produce as many as ______________

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10
Q

Insular cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A

Support pain response

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11
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest + digest, autonomic nervous system division

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12
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or flight response, autonomic nervous system division

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13
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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14
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.

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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s voluntary commands

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16
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Link nervous system and endocrine system, helps with vision

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18
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Controls other glands throughout the body

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19
Q

Thyroid

A

Regulates metabolism

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20
Q

Pancreas

A

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

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21
Q

Parathyroid

A

Regulates calcium levels in the bones and blood

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22
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Holds the primary visual cortex, responsible for vision

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23
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Responsible for hearing, and object memory. Holds the primary auditory cortex.

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24
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Responsible for touch, spatial awareness, a map of skin surface
* Contains the primary somatosensory cortex

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25
Q

What functions are associated with the Frontal Lobe?

A

Complex thought, planning, control of movement, consequences of actions.

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26
Q

What is the role of the Primary motor cortex?

A

Located in the Frontal Lobe, it controls the body’s muscle movements.

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27
Q

Insular Lobe

A

Taste, awareness of internal organs, contains primary taste cortex

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28
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memories of time and place, spatial navigation

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29
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional associations (can affect feelings of fear)

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30
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Planning and executing movement
* Affected by Parkinson’s Disease

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31
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory pathways to and from the cortex (can cause changes to sensation)

32
Q

Pons

A

Regulation of breathing, relays sensation to the cortex and subcortex (bridge)

33
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Vital survival functions, includes breathing, heart rate, coughing and swalling

34
Q

Reticular formation

A

Arousal and attentiveness, sleep and wakefulness (can play a role in ADHD)

35
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination, precision, balance, accurate timing, overall cognition

36
Q

Association cortex

A

Integrates previous knowledge with incoming sensory information

37
Q

Limbic system

A

The bridge between older, lower brain regions and newer, higher brain structures. Often associated with emotion

38
Q

Psychic blindness

A

Psychological importance doesn’t register

39
Q

Ventral Tegmental area

A

Motivation, reward system

40
Q

Executive Functions

A

Planning, Focusing, Organizing, Prioritizing

41
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math

42
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial, perception

43
Q

How many neurons is the brain composed of?

A

85-100 billion neurons

44
Q

myelin sheath

A

Made up of glial cells, speeds up the electrical signal along the axon of the neuron

45
Q

Glial cells

A

Insulate, support and nourish neurons, make up myelin sheaths)

46
Q

Action Potential

A

Sent along the neuron
* Depolarization
* Repolarization
* Refractory Period

47
Q

Depolarization

A

In action potential, ion channels open, letting Na+ into neuron, opens more channels as they spread

48
Q

Repolarization

A

In action potential, when the flood of Na+ reverses and the voltage drops

49
Q

Refractory period

A

The period of inactivity after a neuron has fired, as the neuron recharges

50
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Produces excitatory or inhibitory electrical signals

51
Q

How are neurotransmitters removed?

A

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, uptake by cells

52
Q

Classes of neurotransmitters

A

Amino acids, monoamines, and acetylcholine

53
Q

Brain activity

A

The entire brain is active, even while resting, neighbouring areas claim tissue

54
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Sudden loss of facial recognition

55
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Organization and planning events
  • Personality
  • Emotional control
  • Motor control
  • Last thing to develop
56
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • Sound processing
  • Identifying objects
  • Language
  • Facial recognition
57
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • Integration centre
  • Perception of touch, pain, temperature (sensory)
  • Directing attention
58
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • Colour vision
  • Seeing motion
  • Identifying objects
59
Q

Contralateral Organization

A

Right hemisphere processes information from left side of the body

60
Q

Association Cortex

A

Regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions - previous knowledge

61
Q

Human Lesion Studies

A

Study memory loss due to brain damage

62
Q

Pierre Paul Broca

A

Studied two patients with head injuries, discovered Broca’s area

63
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Also known as expressive aphasia
- Lost ability to speak, still able to understand speech
- Damage to Broca’s area

64
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

Studied patients who had lost the ability to understand language
- Discovered Wernicke’s area

65
Q

Removal of hippocampus

A

Cannot form new memories. Discovered hippocampus is not used in STORAGE of memories, it is used in PROCESSING memories

66
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Construction accident, had tamping rod go through his cheek and out his frontal lobe -> altered personality

67
Q

Animal Research Purpose

A

To inform human research
- Used for single cell recording studies
- Experiments involving drugs
- Lesion studies

68
Q

Single cell recording studies

A

Implanting an electrode into someone’s brain

69
Q

TMS

A

Uses pulses of electricity to produce temporary lesion, or temporary activation
- Can only be used for cortex

70
Q

rTMS

A

fast frequency, repetitive TMS

71
Q

EEG

A

Measures patterns of electrical activity
- Used for epilepsy, studying sleep disorders, concussion detection, personality analysis

72
Q

ERP

A

Event related potentials, averaging of EEG signals
- response to stimulus

73
Q

Oddball Paradigm

A

An experimental procedure in which the subject is shown a long sequence of the same repeated stimulus, occasionally interrupted with a novel “oddball” stimulus

74
Q

MRI

A

Gives a detailed image of the brain

75
Q

What does fMRI stand for?

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

76
Q

How does fMRI reveal brain activity?

A

By comparing successive MRI scans to show changes in blood flow

PSYCH 101 (6 decks)

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