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PSYCH 101 > Neuropsychology > Flashcards

Neuropsychology Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroscience

A

The study of how nerves and cells send and receive information form the brain, body and spinal cord

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2
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outermost layer of the brain; responsible for emotions, mental activity, cognitive skills and a sense of mind and self

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3
Q

Outer frontal cortex

A

Understanding of others and self, controls decisions and actions

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4
Q

Synapse

A

How neurons communicate with each other using neurotransmitters and chemical signals

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5
Q

Neurodiversity

A

DIfferences in individuals’ brain function

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6
Q

Motor neurons

A

Send messages AWAY from the brain

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7
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Send messages TO the brain

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8
Q

Interneurons

A

Connecting other neurons

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9
Q

50 different hormones

A

Adrenal glands can produce as many as ______________

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10
Q

Insular cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A

Support pain response

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11
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest + digest, autonomic nervous system division

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12
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or flight response, autonomic nervous system division

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13
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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14
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.

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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s voluntary commands

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16
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Link nervous system and endocrine system, helps with vision

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18
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Controls other glands throughout the body

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19
Q

Thyroid

A

Regulates metabolism

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20
Q

Pancreas

A

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

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21
Q

Parathyroid

A

Regulates calcium levels in the bones and blood

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22
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Holds the primary visual cortex, responsible for vision

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23
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Responsible for hearing, and object memory. Holds the primary auditory cortex.

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24
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Responsible for touch, spatial awareness, a map of skin surface
* Contains the primary somatosensory cortex

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25
What functions are associated with the Frontal Lobe?
Complex thought, planning, control of movement, consequences of actions.
26
What is the role of the Primary motor cortex?
Located in the Frontal Lobe, it controls the body's muscle movements.
27
Insular Lobe
Taste, awareness of internal organs, contains primary taste cortex
28
Hippocampus
Memories of time and place, spatial navigation
29
Amygdala
Emotional associations (can affect feelings of fear)
30
Basal ganglia
Planning and executing movement * Affected by Parkinson's Disease
31
Thalamus
Sensory pathways to and from the cortex (can cause changes to sensation)
32
Pons
Regulation of breathing, relays sensation to the cortex and subcortex (bridge)
33
Medulla oblongata
Vital survival functions, includes breathing, heart rate, coughing and swalling
34
Reticular formation
Arousal and attentiveness, sleep and wakefulness (can play a role in ADHD)
35
Cerebellum
Coordination, precision, balance, accurate timing, overall cognition
36
Association cortex
Integrates previous knowledge with incoming sensory information
37
Limbic system
The bridge between older, lower brain regions and newer, higher brain structures. Often associated with emotion
38
Psychic blindness
Psychological importance doesn't register
39
Ventral Tegmental area
Motivation, reward system
40
Executive Functions
Planning, Focusing, Organizing, Prioritizing
41
Left hemisphere
Controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math
42
Right hemisphere
Controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial, perception
43
How many neurons is the brain composed of?
85-100 billion neurons
44
myelin sheath
Made up of glial cells, speeds up the electrical signal along the axon of the neuron
45
Glial cells
Insulate, support and nourish neurons, make up myelin sheaths)
46
Action Potential
Sent along the neuron * Depolarization * Repolarization * Refractory Period
47
Depolarization
In action potential, ion channels open, letting Na+ into neuron, opens more channels as they spread
48
Repolarization
In action potential, when the flood of Na+ reverses and the voltage drops
49
Refractory period
The period of inactivity after a neuron has fired, as the neuron recharges
50
Neurotransmitters
Produces excitatory or inhibitory electrical signals
51
How are neurotransmitters removed?
Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, uptake by cells
52
Classes of neurotransmitters
Amino acids, monoamines, and acetylcholine
53
Brain activity
The entire brain is active, even while resting, neighbouring areas claim tissue
54
Prosopagnosia
Sudden loss of facial recognition
55
Frontal Lobe
- Organization and planning events - Personality - Emotional control - Motor control - Last thing to develop
56
Temporal lobe
- Sound processing - Identifying objects - Language - Facial recognition
57
Parietal lobe
- Integration centre - Perception of touch, pain, temperature (sensory) - Directing attention
58
Occipital lobe
- Colour vision - Seeing motion - Identifying objects
59
Contralateral Organization
Right hemisphere processes information from left side of the body
60
Association Cortex
Regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions - previous knowledge
61
Human Lesion Studies
Study memory loss due to brain damage
62
Pierre Paul Broca
Studied two patients with head injuries, discovered Broca's area
63
Broca's aphasia
Also known as expressive aphasia - Lost ability to speak, still able to understand speech - Damage to Broca's area
64
Carl Wernicke
Studied patients who had lost the ability to understand language - Discovered Wernicke's area
65
Removal of hippocampus
Cannot form new memories. Discovered hippocampus is not used in STORAGE of memories, it is used in PROCESSING memories
66
Phineas Gage
Construction accident, had tamping rod go through his cheek and out his frontal lobe -> altered personality
67
Animal Research Purpose
To inform human research - Used for single cell recording studies - Experiments involving drugs - Lesion studies
68
Single cell recording studies
Implanting an electrode into someone's brain
69
TMS
Uses pulses of electricity to produce temporary lesion, or temporary activation - Can only be used for cortex
70
rTMS
fast frequency, repetitive TMS
71
EEG
Measures patterns of electrical activity - Used for epilepsy, studying sleep disorders, concussion detection, personality analysis
72
ERP
Event related potentials, averaging of EEG signals - response to stimulus
73
Oddball Paradigm
An experimental procedure in which the subject is shown a long sequence of the same repeated stimulus, occasionally interrupted with a novel "oddball" stimulus
74
MRI
Gives a detailed image of the brain
75
What does fMRI stand for?
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
76
How does fMRI reveal brain activity?
By comparing successive MRI scans to show changes in blood flow

PSYCH 101 (9 decks)

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