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PSYCH 101 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Theory

A

An idea designed to explain existing facts and make predictions about yet to be discovered facts

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2
Q

Empirical Research

A

Theory testing and generate hypothesis

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3
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.

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4
Q

Research hypothesis

A

x causes y

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5
Q

Scientific Method

A

Process of basing one’s confidence in a idea on systematic, direct observations, usually with research studies

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6
Q

Theory-Data cycle

A

Scientific method cycle. Allows the collection of data to either confirm or disconfirm a theory.

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7
Q

Hypothesis

A

Specific prediction about a variable’s behaviour in a study if correct

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8
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

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9
Q

To conclude causation…

A
  • Two variables must be correlated
  • One variable must come before the other
  • No other reasonable alternative explanation
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10
Q

Confounds

A

Factors that undermine the ability to draw causal inferences from an experiment.

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11
Q

Random Assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
* Combats confounds

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12
Q

Within-subjects Research Design

A

Same group does multiple conditions

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13
Q

Between-subjects Research Design

A

Different groups do multiple conditions

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14
Q

Bias

A

When the data is skewed because of influence

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15
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Cues form experimenter or context that tell participants how to behave

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16
Q

Reducing bias

A
  • Inform participants how data will be used
  • Single-blind study/double-blind study
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17
Q

Manipulated variable

A

A researcher controls the levels a participant is exposed to

18
Q

Descriptive Research

A

Describes the typical
* One measured variable at a time
* Often self-report or observational

19
Q

Correlational Research

A

How two or more variables relate to each other

20
Q

Operationalizing

A

How was the variable measured?

21
Q

Experimental Research

A

Can support causal claims
* Manipulating the variable and assessing the result

22
Q

Random sampling

A

Every person in the population has an equal chance of being selected

23
Q

Validity

A

The accuracy of a claim

24
Q

Checking validity

A
  • How well did the researchers operationalize the variable?
  • Is the sample representative of the population?
  • Can we rule out the most plausible alternate explanations?
25
Q

External Validity

A

If the study is representative of the population

26
Q

Internal validity

A

Are there no other explanations?

27
Q

Construct validity

A

If the variables were operationalized accurately

28
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Indicates strength of relationship

29
Q

Effect size

A

The magnitude of a relationship between two or more variables, written as d = (average 1) - (average 2)

30
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Inferring about the population based on a sample

31
Q

Statistical significance testing

A

Estimates whether the results were likely to come from a sample in a particular population (p)
* low p: significant
* high p: insignificant

32
Q

HARKing

A

Hypothesizing after results are known

33
Q

p-hacking

A

Doesn’t accurately represent the data collected (extreme scores removed, etc)

34
Q

Underreporting

A

Only reporting variables that showed strong effects

35
Q

Autonomy

A

Must have informed consent

36
Q

Beneficence

A

Must be worth the risks

37
Q

Justice

A

The participants’ population must be the population that will benefit from the research

38
Q

Replacement

A

Find alternatives for animals if possible

39
Q

Refinement

A

Minimize animal distress

40
Q

Reduction

A

Minimize number of animals needed

41
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

When participants are told what the researchers are studying, their behaviour changes

PSYCH 101 (6 decks)

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