Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Storage of information for later access
- allows us to learn from experience
- without, wouldn’t be able to think, read, write

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

First encounter information and convert it to storage

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

Maintenance of the encoded information for later access

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

Accessing stored information

Question 5

Purpose of Memory

Answer 5

To pick out the most important parts of an experience

Question 6

Memory storage

Answer 6

The capacity to maintain information over a period of time

Question 7

Multistore Model of Memory

Answer 7

Information goes through three levels of storage

Question 8

Three levels of memory storage

Answer 8

Momentary Sensory, Short-term, Long-term

Question 9

Iconic Memory

Answer 9

Sensory memory from vision

Question 10

Echoic memory

Answer 10

Sensory memory from hearing

Question 11

Sensory memory

Answer 11

• Short lived
• High capacity
• Fragile

Question 12

Short-Term Memory

Answer 12

• Post categorical
• Limited capacity for detail, gain meaning
• Information from all senses
• Short duration

Question 13

Chunking

Answer 13

Grouping of stimuli into other meaningful wholes or categories
- reduces what needs to be stored

Question 14

Long-Term Memory

Answer 14

Less vivid, remember information for a very long time

Question 15

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 15

Impaired short term, good long term

Question 16

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 16

Impaired short and long term memory
- Maintain procedural memory

Question 17

What dictates the length an experience is stored for?

Answer 17

The stronger neural firing patterns are

Question 18

How many items can be stored in short term memory?

Answer 18

Current consensus is 4 items, used to be 7?

Question 19

Post Categorical

Answer 19

Info processed so we understand what type of object we sense

Question 20

Working memory

Answer 20

Using encoding strategies to organize information processing (bridge between short term and long term memory)

Question 21

Central Executive

Answer 21

Cognitive operations on new info from different senses, and from long term memories

Question 22

Visuo-spatial Sketchpad

Answer 22

Stores and processes information in visual and spatial form

Question 23

Phonological loop

Answer 23

Processes spoken and written material

Question 24

Rehearsal

Answer 24

Actively maintaining information in working memory

Question 25

Working Memory span

Answer 25

How many items can be held in working memory

Question 26

Serial Position curve

Answer 26

The resulting graph from comparing recall ability

Question 27

Recency Effect

Answer 27

Increased recall at end of list of words, words are still in short term and working memory

Question 28

Primacy Effect

Answer 28

Increased recall at beginning of list, from increased processing at beginning (long term memory)

Question 29

Amnesia

Answer 29

Loss of memory due to brain damage or trauma

Question 30

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 30

Inability to form new memories

Question 31

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 31

Impairs access to memories prior to brain damage

Question 32

Explicit Memory

Answer 32

Intentional and conscious remembering

Question 33

Implicit memory

Answer 33

Occurs without intentional recollection or awareness

Question 34

Procedural Memory

Answer 34

Learning motor skills or habitual ways of thinking

Question 35

Clive Wearing

Answer 35

Had retrograde and anterograde amnesia, but can still play music and conduct

Question 36

Priming

Answer 36

Previous exposure to a stimulus enhances a person's processing and response when it is presented again (does not need hippocampus)

Question 37

Affective conditioning

Answer 37

Response to a neutral stimulus because of previous repetition of stimulus (dog, whistle, food)

Question 38

Visual priming

Answer 38

Decreased neural activity for repeated images

Question 39

Episodic memory

Answer 39

Recollection of a personal experience (time, place) - hippocampus

Question 40

Semantic Memory

Answer 40

Knowledge about the world, concepts and facts - Temporal lobe

Question 41

Semantic dementia

Answer 41

Loss of memory for meaning (impaired word comprehension, difficulty recognizing semantically related objects)

Question 42

Semantic satiation

Answer 42

Repetition of a word makes it sound meaningless

Question 43

Retrospective memory

Answer 43

Remembering things we have done in the past

Question 44

Prospective memory

Answer 44

Remembering things we need to do in the future

Question 45

Encoding Specifity Principle

Answer 45

Retrieval is best when present context recreates the context that the information was originally encoded in (divers with word recall)

Question 46

State-dependent retrieval

Answer 46

Increased likelihood of remembering when a person is in the same mental state during encoding and retrieval (drunk)

Question 47

Mood-dependent retrieval

Answer 47

More likely to recall when in same mood as during encoding

Question 48

Example of shallow encoding

Answer 48

Rhymes, mnemonic devices

Question 49

When retrieval is successful...

Answer 49

There is hippocampus and prefrontal cortex activity

Question 50

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 50

Failure to retrieve despite being confident it is stored in memory

Question 51

Motivated forgetting

Answer 51

Intentionally trying to forget information (repression) - alters hippocampal activity

Question 52

Encoding failure

Answer 52

When info never makes it to long term memory

Question 53

Weapon focus

Answer 53

Central important details are encoded (like a weapon), peripheral information is not (attentional memory deficits)

Question 54

Cons of multitasking

Answer 54

Difficulty encoding information