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PSYCH 101 > Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

Storage of information for later access
- allows us to learn from experience
- without, wouldn’t be able to think, read, write

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2
Q

Encoding

A

First encounter information and convert it to storage

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3
Q

Storage

A

Maintenance of the encoded information for later access

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

Accessing stored information

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5
Q

Purpose of Memory

A

To pick out the most important parts of an experience

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6
Q

Memory storage

A

The capacity to maintain information over a period of time

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7
Q

Multistore Model of Memory

A

Information goes through three levels of storage

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8
Q

Three levels of memory storage

A

Momentary Sensory, Short-term, Long-term

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9
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Sensory memory from vision

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10
Q

Echoic memory

A

Sensory memory from hearing

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11
Q

Sensory memory

A
  • Short lived
  • High capacity
  • Fragile
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12
Q

Short-Term Memory

A
  • Post categorical
  • Limited capacity for detail, gain meaning
  • Information from all senses
  • Short duration
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13
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping of stimuli into other meaningful wholes or categories
- reduces what needs to be stored

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14
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Less vivid, remember information for a very long time

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15
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Impaired short term, good long term

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16
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Impaired short and long term memory
- Maintain procedural memory

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17
Q

What dictates the length an experience is stored for?

A

The stronger neural firing patterns are

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18
Q

How many items can be stored in short term memory?

A

Current consensus is 4 items, used to be 7?

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19
Q

Post Categorical

A

Info processed so we understand what type of object we sense

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20
Q

Working memory

A

Using encoding strategies to organize information processing (bridge between short term and long term memory)

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21
Q

Central Executive

A

Cognitive operations on new info from different senses, and from long term memories

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22
Q

Visuo-spatial Sketchpad

A

Stores and processes information in visual and spatial form

23
Q

Phonological loop

A

Processes spoken and written material

24
Q

Rehearsal

A

Actively maintaining information in working memory

25
Q

Working Memory span

A

How many items can be held in working memory

26
Q

Serial Position curve

A

The resulting graph from comparing recall ability

27
Q

Recency Effect

A

Increased recall at end of list of words, words are still in short term and working memory

28
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Increased recall at beginning of list, from increased processing at beginning (long term memory)

29
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory due to brain damage or trauma

30
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories

31
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Impairs access to memories prior to brain damage

32
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Intentional and conscious remembering

33
Q

Implicit memory

A

Occurs without intentional recollection or awareness

34
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Learning motor skills or habitual ways of thinking

35
Q

Clive Wearing

A

Had retrograde and anterograde amnesia, but can still play music and conduct

36
Q

Priming

A

Previous exposure to a stimulus enhances a person’s processing and response when it is presented again (does not need hippocampus)

37
Q

Affective conditioning

A

Response to a neutral stimulus because of previous repetition of stimulus (dog, whistle, food)

38
Q

Visual priming

A

Decreased neural activity for repeated images

39
Q

Episodic memory

A

Recollection of a personal experience (time, place)
- hippocampus

40
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Knowledge about the world, concepts and facts
- Temporal lobe

41
Q

Semantic dementia

A

Loss of memory for meaning
(impaired word comprehension, difficulty recognizing semantically related objects)

42
Q

Semantic satiation

A

Repetition of a word makes it sound meaningless

43
Q

Retrospective memory

A

Remembering things we have done in the past

44
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering things we need to do in the future

45
Q

Encoding Specifity Principle

A

Retrieval is best when present context recreates the context that the information was originally encoded in
(divers with word recall)

46
Q

State-dependent retrieval

A

Increased likelihood of remembering when a person is in the same mental state during encoding and retrieval (drunk)

47
Q

Mood-dependent retrieval

A

More likely to recall when in same mood as during encoding

48
Q

Example of shallow encoding

A

Rhymes, mnemonic devices

49
Q

When retrieval is successful…

A

There is hippocampus and prefrontal cortex activity

50
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

Failure to retrieve despite being confident it is stored in memory

51
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

Intentionally trying to forget information (repression)
- alters hippocampal activity

52
Q

Encoding failure

A

When info never makes it to long term memory

53
Q

Weapon focus

A

Central important details are encoded (like a weapon), peripheral information is not
(attentional memory deficits)

54
Q

Cons of multitasking

A

Difficulty encoding information

PSYCH 101 (6 decks)

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