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PSYC111 > Sensation and perception > Flashcards

Sensation and perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation vs perception

A

Sensation = sense information gathered from environment (objective)
Perception = brain processing info from senses (subjective/interpretation)

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2
Q

Transduction

A

Process of sensation to perception

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3
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

Smallest change in stimulus for you to notice it changed

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4
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Just noticeable difference is not fixed, is dependent on the amount of stimulus

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5
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Amount of stimulus needed for just noticeable difference

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6
Q

Signal detection theory

A

If stimulus exists, you will say it exists. Involves stimulus intensity, noise (environment distraction), response criteria (how confident you have to be to say it exists)

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7
Q

Conservative vs liberal response criteria

A

Conservative: more likely to say no
Liberal: more likely to say yes

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8
Q

Bottom-up vs Top-down processing theories

A

Bottom up: our knowledge and understanding is built from our perception
Top-down: our knowledge and understanding influences how we perceive

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9
Q

What is the strongest human sense

A

Vision

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10
Q

What is the stimulus for vision vs source of experience of vision

A

Stimulus = light
Source of experience = color

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11
Q

How does amplitude and wavelength of light waves change vision

A

Amplitude = brightness
Wavelength = shade of color

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12
Q

Cornea

A

Part of eye that light passes through, mainly for protection

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13
Q

Pupil

A

Black/hole section of eye

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14
Q

Iris

A

Colorful part around pupil, muscle that changes pupil shape according to light intensity

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15
Q

Lens

A

Circular object behind pupil that focuses light, shape changes depending where vision focuses

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16
Q

Retina

A

Receives focused image from lens, which then is sent to the brain, light reflected onto retina activates rods and cones

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17
Q

Fovea

A

Region of retina, light projected to fovea is where you see the clearest

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18
Q

Rods

A

Provide black and white vision, night vision, detecting motion and peripheral vision

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19
Q

Cones

A

Detect color and fine detail

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20
Q

Bipolar and ganglion cells

A

Collect info from rods and cones, step 1 of transduction

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21
Q

Blind spot

A

Entrance of optic nerve

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22
Q

Sclera

A

White of eyes, mostly unique to humans, not important for vision, used for communication and telling where someone is looking

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23
Q

How many wavelengths and colors can humans recognize

A

3 wavelengths, 1 million colors

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24
Q

Why does colorblindness happen

A

Dysfunction in the cones

25
Q

Optic nerve

A

Info from retina is sent here, is a blind spot

26
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Point where info is split: info from left part of visual field is sent to the right side, and vice versa

27
Q

Optic tract

A

In between optic chiasm and thalamus

28
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

In occipital lobe, where the actual processing of vision occurs

29
Q

Simple vs complex vs hypercomplex cells

A

Types of neurons in primary visual cortex that respond to visual information
Simple: simplistic orientation information
Complex: simplistic orientation information and movement info
Hypercomplex: multiple forms of orientation

30
Q

Ventral stream

A

“what” pathway: tells your brain what you’re looking at (occipital to temporal lobe)

31
Q

Dorsal stream

A

“where/how” pathway: tells your brain where object is located in environment (occipital to parietal lobe)

32
Q

Illusory conjunction

A

Separate features can be blended together, causing you to see things that don’t exist. Happens when briefly shown an image/attention is split between two images

33
Q

Are depth cues more sensation or perception related

A

Perception

34
Q

Binocular cues

A

Requires both eyes. The larger the difference between the images shown in left/right eye are, the closer an object is to you

35
Q

Monocular cues

A

Only requires one eye
Familiar size: when we are familiar with an object, we use it to determine distance by change in size
Linear perspective: parallel lines converge as they move farther from you
Texture gradient: closer things are, the clearer their textures are
Interposition: Closer objects are in front of farther objects
Relative height: Close objects are usually at the bottom of our visual field, far objects at the top

36
Q

Vision gestalt grouping

A

Simplicity: we interpret images in the simplest/easiest way we can process w/ our eyes
Our brains create closure and continuity when they are not there
Our brains group together objects based on similarity, proximity, and common fate (objects that move together)

37
Q

How do amplitude and frequency change sound waves

A

Higher frequency = higher pitch
Higher amplitude = louder sound

38
Q

What are the three parts of the ear

A

Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

39
Q

What are the parts of the outer ear

A

Pinna: fleshy part, shaped to catch sound waves
Auditory canal: sound waves bounce here
Eardrum/tympanic membrane: vibrates based on how sound waves hit it

40
Q

What are the parts of the middle ear

A

Ossicles: sit against eardrum and vibrate as it vibrates. made up of hammer, anvil and stirrups. bones pass vibration onto each other

41
Q

What are the parts of the inner ear

A

Cochlea: makes up most of inner ear, filled with fluid
Basilar membrane: equivalent of the retina, when fluid in cochlea moves, basilar membrane moves
Hair cells: receptor neurons for hearing
Auditory nerve: sends info from hair cells to brain
Semicircular canals: determines balance based on how cochlea fluid is positioned

42
Q

Place theory

A

High frequency sounds peak near cochlea base, low frequency sounds peak near the apex

43
Q

Temporal/frequency theory

A

We process sounds based on frequency of firing of hair cells

44
Q

Sound gestalt grouping

A

Location: sounds coming from the same place are grouped
Temporal: sounds that start/end at the same time are grouped

45
Q

Localization

A

Determining where sound comes from. Uses your pinna: location determined by which ear receives info first

46
Q

What are the two types of hearing loss

A

Sensorineural: Hearing loss happens in inner ear, issue with hair cells, common in hearing loss due to age. hearing aid does not help
Conduction: Hearing loss happens in middle ear, oscilles do not vibrate enough. hearing aid helps

47
Q

Plastic

A

Ability of somatosensory cortex to change amount of neurons allocated to a certain body part

48
Q

Phantom limb pain

A

The false sensation of touch on a lost limb

49
Q

Where does pain come from

A

A-DELTA FIBERS: fast, sharp, shooting pain. has a myelin sheath for fast transportation
C FIBERS: dull, throbbing pain

50
Q

Referred pain

A

Outer and inner body parts are connected on somatosensory cortex: Inner pain can be felt as outer pain

51
Q

Haptic perception

A

Understanding the world via touch (how babies understand the world)

52
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Understanding of how your body is positioned

53
Q

What senses are chemical senses and why

A

Touch and smell because they involve receptors

54
Q

What is the only sense directly connected to the forebrain

A

Smell

55
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

In your nose, determine how we sense smells. Humans have 350, and can smell 1 trillion smells

56
Q

Papillae

A

Taste buds: each has hundreds of taste receptor neurons, are very quick to be replenished, we lose most of our taste buds by age 20

57
Q

What are the five primary taste sensations

A

Salty: associated w/ sodium
Sweet: associated w/ fruits
Sour: associated w/ acidic foods
Bitter: associated w/ vegetables
Umami: associated w/ meat

58
Q

Synesthesia

A

Combination/joined sensation of the senses

PSYC111 (11 decks)

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