Emotion And Motivation

Question 1

Mood vs emotion

Answer 1

Emotion: Short lived, intense reactions to stimulus that usually have identifiable triggers
Mood: Enduring, lasting, less intense feelings, sometimes without an identifiable cause. Mood affects emotions by setting a general affective tone

Question 2

Nonverbal leakage

Answer 2

While trying to hide your emotions, true emotions will shine through

Question 3

Affective forecasting

Answer 3

Tendency of people to be bad at predicting future emotional state

Question 4

Hedonic treadmill

Answer 4

Tendency of people to try seek out more positive experiences following a positive experience, because we want to constantly be in a positive emotional state

Question 5

Self determination theory

Answer 5

Theory that we feel motivated to satisfy 3 needs: competence, autonomy and relatedness

Question 6

3 social motivations

Answer 6

Hedonic: We want to seek out pleasure and avoid pain
Approval: we want to be accepted and not rejected by others, and engage in behaviors that achieve this
Accuracy: we want to be correct, and not incorrect

Question 7

Instinct/evolutionary theory and drive-reduction theory

Answer 7

Instinct/evolutionary: Theory that behaviors are complex instincts that have been passed down to us evolutionarily, and we have motivations to fulfill these patterns.
Drive-reduction theory: we are driven by biological necessity and when it is out of bounds we are motivated to bring it back into balance (homeostasis)

Question 8

Incentive vs drive

Answer 8

Incentive: Reward you get for engaging in behavior, is external/extrinsic
Drive: motivation to fulfill biological need, is internal/intrinsic

Question 9

Arousal

Answer 9

Focus, attention, how aware we are in the moment. We don’t like a constant low level of arousal (boredom)

Question 10

Yerkes Dodson Law

Answer 10

Optimal level of arousal for performance is optimal for difficult tasks
Too much arousal = anxiety
Low level of arousal = boredom

Question 11

Maslow’s heirarchy of needs

Answer 11

Physiological < safety < love/belonging < esteem < self-actualisation < self-transendence
Is very influential outside psychology but is controversial because it lacks scientific support

Question 12

What part of the brain regulates hunger

Answer 12

Hypothalamus

Question 13

Glucostatic theory

Answer 13

Neurons monitor the amount of glucose available in food and blood for the brain

Question 14

Learned preferences

Answer 14

Preferences you develop based on the preferences/availability of your environment

Question 15

Stress vs hunger

Answer 15

Stress leads to an increase in hunger because food causes positive emotions, which is used to counter negative emotions of stress, and because stress uses up a lot of our resources

Question 16

Contextual hunger cues

Answer 16

Palatability: you eat food that smells, looks tastes good
Quantity: you will eat all the food given to you
Quality: if food is high quality, you will eat more
Variety: if there is more variety, you will eat more (sensory specific satiety: you can be “full” for one kind of food)
Others: we eat 44% more around others generally

Question 17

Undermining effect

Answer 17

Intrinsic motivation decreases when extrinsic rewards are given, occurs in the workplace

Question 18

Correlates of intrinsic motivation

Answer 18

Challenge: do you enjoy the challenges?
Enjoyment: how much joy do you get from the tasks?
Mastery: how much do you like being accomplished in your task
Autonomy: how much independence do you have in your decisions?

Question 19

Organizational support

Answer 19

Personal perception of how much your workplace supports you in your work and as a person

Question 20

Motivation to achieve

Answer 20

Some people are high achievers, are more organized, structured, focused, and motivated to pursue achievement

Question 21

Probability of success

Answer 21

Low likelihood of success = low motivation
100% likelihood = low motivation (will procrastinate)
High but not 100% = high motivation

Question 22

Incentive of success

Answer 22

Greater the reward for success, the greater your motivation will be

Question 23

Self discipline

Answer 23

The ability to self regulate has a strong correlation to academic success, even stronger than intelligence

Question 24

Evolutionary perspective of motivation to belong

Answer 24

Humans are not the strongest or fastest animals, and we thrive in groups, which is why belonging is so important to us

Question 25

Motivation to belong

Answer 25

Emotional benefits: strong social support = correlated with happiness
Health benefits: strong social support = better physical health

Question 26

Emotion components

Answer 26

Cognitive: cognitive thought patterns associated with emotions, very personal and culture influenced
Physiologic. What your body physically does in response to emotions, not culturally/personally influenced
Behavior: how emotions make you behave, part personal/cultural influenced

Question 27

Display norms/rules

Answer 27

Cultural expectations on how to display behavior

Question 28

Valence

Answer 28

Tendency to separate emotions into positive and negative. We care more about negative than positive emotions, and are more likely to make decisions based on them

Question 29

Universal emotions

Answer 29

happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise. The way we use our face to express these is universal/intercultural

Question 30

Emotion families

Answer 30

Different emotions can be felt at different intensities

Question 31

Confusion

Answer 31

Usually will not experience a single emotion by itself, can be confused on what emotion we are feeling.

Question 32

What is the least likely emotion to be confused

Answer 32

Happiness

Question 33

Self conscious emotions

Answer 33

Pride: when we accomplish something and associate it with our superiority over others
Embarrassment: sharing info you did not intend to, or breaking cultural rule. Is a way of displaying that you understand you broke the rule
Envy: we want what someone else has

Question 34

3 emotion theories

Answer 34

James Lange: emotion is felt based on arousal, and you use cognition to understand t
Cannon bard: stimulus causes simultaneous physiological and cognitive responses
Schacter singer: your understanding of arousal affects what you feel, cognition concretely causes emotion

Question 35

Discrete emotions theory

Answer 35

Humans experience a small number of discrete emotions that combine in many complex ways

Question 36

Continuous theory

Answer 36

Emotional spectrum where one axis is high to low arousal and other axis is displeasure to pleasure. We can plot any and every emotion on this

Question 37

Somatovisceral afference model of emotion (SAME)

Answer 37

The more distinct your physiological response is, the easier it is to process emotion

Question 38

What is the easiest emotion to feel confusion about

Answer 38

Sadness, because it has low arousal

Question 39

Amygdala and emotion

Answer 39

Importance in appraisal of stimulus and how important stimulus is. Also important for feeling anger and fear

Question 40

Prefrontal cortex and emotion

Answer 40

Important in understanding when to react to stimuli. Left side is more associated with positive emotions, right side is more associated with negative emotions

Question 41

Insula

Answer 41

Subcortical structure, monitors body reaction to disgust

Question 42

Emotional regulation

Answer 42

How we respond to and deal with emotions (get out of bad emotions, get in good emotions)
Reappraisal: reconsider the stimulus that caused the reaction and change it
Expressive suppression: deliberate conscious effort to avoid outward emotion expression

Question 43

Duchenne smile

Answer 43

True smile that comes from true happiness, creasing around eyes, relaxed lips