Emotion And Motivation Flashcards
Mood vs emotion
Emotion: Short lived, intense reactions to stimulus that usually have identifiable triggers
Mood: Enduring, lasting, less intense feelings, sometimes without an identifiable cause. Mood affects emotions by setting a general affective tone
Nonverbal leakage
While trying to hide your emotions, true emotions will shine through
Affective forecasting
Tendency of people to be bad at predicting future emotional state
Hedonic treadmill
Tendency of people to try seek out more positive experiences following a positive experience, because we want to constantly be in a positive emotional state
Self determination theory
Theory that we feel motivated to satisfy 3 needs: competence, autonomy and relatedness
3 social motivations
Hedonic: We want to seek out pleasure and avoid pain
Approval: we want to be accepted and not rejected by others, and engage in behaviors that achieve this
Accuracy: we want to be correct, and not incorrect
Instinct/evolutionary theory and drive-reduction theory
Instinct/evolutionary: Theory that behaviors are complex instincts that have been passed down to us evolutionarily, and we have motivations to fulfill these patterns.
Drive-reduction theory: we are driven by biological necessity and when it is out of bounds we are motivated to bring it back into balance (homeostasis)
Incentive vs drive
Incentive: Reward you get for engaging in behavior, is external/extrinsic
Drive: motivation to fulfill biological need, is internal/intrinsic
Arousal
Focus, attention, how aware we are in the moment. We don’t like a constant low level of arousal (boredom)
Yerkes Dodson Law
Optimal level of arousal for performance is optimal for difficult tasks
Too much arousal = anxiety
Low level of arousal = boredom
Maslow’s heirarchy of needs
Physiological < safety < love/belonging < esteem < self-actualisation < self-transendence
Is very influential outside psychology but is controversial because it lacks scientific support
What part of the brain regulates hunger
Hypothalamus
Glucostatic theory
Neurons monitor the amount of glucose available in food and blood for the brain
Learned preferences
Preferences you develop based on the preferences/availability of your environment
Stress vs hunger
Stress leads to an increase in hunger because food causes positive emotions, which is used to counter negative emotions of stress, and because stress uses up a lot of our resources
Contextual hunger cues
Palatability: you eat food that smells, looks tastes good
Quantity: you will eat all the food given to you
Quality: if food is high quality, you will eat more
Variety: if there is more variety, you will eat more (sensory specific satiety: you can be “full” for one kind of food)
Others: we eat 44% more around others generally
Undermining effect
Intrinsic motivation decreases when extrinsic rewards are given, occurs in the workplace
Correlates of intrinsic motivation
Challenge: do you enjoy the challenges?
Enjoyment: how much joy do you get from the tasks?
Mastery: how much do you like being accomplished in your task
Autonomy: how much independence do you have in your decisions?
Organizational support
Personal perception of how much your workplace supports you in your work and as a person
Motivation to achieve
Some people are high achievers, are more organized, structured, focused, and motivated to pursue achievement
Probability of success
Low likelihood of success = low motivation
100% likelihood = low motivation (will procrastinate)
High but not 100% = high motivation
Incentive of success
Greater the reward for success, the greater your motivation will be
Self discipline
The ability to self regulate has a strong correlation to academic success, even stronger than intelligence
Evolutionary perspective of motivation to belong
Humans are not the strongest or fastest animals, and we thrive in groups, which is why belonging is so important to us
Motivation to belong
Emotional benefits: strong social support = correlated with happiness
Health benefits: strong social support = better physical health
Emotion components
Cognitive: cognitive thought patterns associated with emotions, very personal and culture influenced
Physiologic. What your body physically does in response to emotions, not culturally/personally influenced
Behavior: how emotions make you behave, part personal/cultural influenced
Display norms/rules
Cultural expectations on how to display behavior
Valence
Tendency to separate emotions into positive and negative. We care more about negative than positive emotions, and are more likely to make decisions based on them
Universal emotions
happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise. The way we use our face to express these is universal/intercultural
Emotion families
Different emotions can be felt at different intensities
Confusion
Usually will not experience a single emotion by itself, can be confused on what emotion we are feeling.
What is the least likely emotion to be confused
Happiness
Self conscious emotions
Pride: when we accomplish something and associate it with our superiority over others
Embarrassment: sharing info you did not intend to, or breaking cultural rule. Is a way of displaying that you understand you broke the rule
Envy: we want what someone else has
3 emotion theories
James Lange: emotion is felt based on arousal, and you use cognition to understand t
Cannon bard: stimulus causes simultaneous physiological and cognitive responses
Schacter singer: your understanding of arousal affects what you feel, cognition concretely causes emotion
Discrete emotions theory
Humans experience a small number of discrete emotions that combine in many complex ways
Continuous theory
Emotional spectrum where one axis is high to low arousal and other axis is displeasure to pleasure. We can plot any and every emotion on this
Somatovisceral afference model of emotion (SAME)
The more distinct your physiological response is, the easier it is to process emotion
What is the easiest emotion to feel confusion about
Sadness, because it has low arousal
Amygdala and emotion
Importance in appraisal of stimulus and how important stimulus is. Also important for feeling anger and fear
Prefrontal cortex and emotion
Important in understanding when to react to stimuli. Left side is more associated with positive emotions, right side is more associated with negative emotions
Insula
Subcortical structure, monitors body reaction to disgust
Emotional regulation
How we respond to and deal with emotions (get out of bad emotions, get in good emotions)
Reappraisal: reconsider the stimulus that caused the reaction and change it
Expressive suppression: deliberate conscious effort to avoid outward emotion expression
Duchenne smile
True smile that comes from true happiness, creasing around eyes, relaxed lips
