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PSYC111 > Devevlopmental Psychology > Flashcards

Devevlopmental Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Universal vs Ecological

A

Universal: all humans develop on similar paths
Ecological: humans are influenced by culture, environment, etc

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2
Q

Teratogens

A

Things a fetus is exposed to by a mother in utero that has a negative influence on its development (alcohol, sickness)

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3
Q

Morning sickness

A

Symptom of pregnancy involving nausea and vomiting: is the body’s rejection of teratogens

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4
Q

Critical vs sensitive periods

A

Critical period: traits that can only be learned during a certain point in development
Sensitive: easier to be learned at that point but can be learned later

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5
Q

Post-hoc thinking

A

Believing that A causes B because A comes before B (error of thinking)

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6
Q

Stage theories

A

Theories that describe cognitive development, where you must complete one stage before moving towards the next

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7
Q

Habituation

A

Babies will direct their attention to new stimuli, and away from ones they are familiar with

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8
Q

What does a fetus react to voices in the womb?

A

Has a slower heart rate in response to mother’s voice, higher heart rate in response to others

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9
Q

What tastes do babies remember from the womb?

A

Strong tastes

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10
Q

What does a baby see in the womb?

A

Nothing

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11
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A

Strict rules, which strict consequences, no exceptions

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12
Q

Permissive parenting

A

Very few/no rules, and no punishment even if it is warranted

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13
Q

Negligent parenting

A

Do not interact with children much

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14
Q

Authoritative parenting

A

There are rules but there is also understanding, and consequences are a conversation instead of strict consequences

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15
Q

What are the outcomes of authoritarian parenting?

A

Anxiety and “going crazy” after leaving home

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16
Q

What are the outcomes of permissive parenting?

A

Trouble following rules and self regulating

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17
Q

What are the outcomes of negligent parenting?

A

Poor sense of self

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18
Q

Which parenting style is the most correlated with positive outcomes?

A

Authoritative

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19
Q

What is the “strange situation”

A

An experiment about a baby, mother, and a stranger entering and leaving a toom that is used to determine attachment type

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20
Q

Secure attachment

A

Child feels safe around the parent: may or may not exhibit distress when parent leaves, but calms down when the parent returns

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21
Q

Anxious attachment

A

Child does not feel safe around the parent: exhibits distress when the parent leaves and does not calm down when the parent returns

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22
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

Baby does not seem to care when the parent leaves or returns

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23
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

No clear pattern in responses to parents leaving/returning

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24
Q

What are the different types of temperament

A

Easy to warm up, slow to warm up, difficult to warm up

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25
Q

What does a baby’s vision naturally focus on

A

Human faces

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26
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Part of brain that tells you to “stop”

27
Q

Realism to relativism

A

Realism: rules are rules, no reason to break them
Relativism: elements of situations lead you to break rules for good reasons

28
Q

Perscription to principle

A

Perspcription: understanding the letter of the law
Principle: Understanding the intention behind the law

29
Q

Outcomes to intentions

A

Outcomes = judging someone by the outcome of their actions
Intentions = judging someone by the intent of their actions

30
Q

Shift theories

A

A theory that explains how people’s ideologies shift as they grow

31
Q

What are kohlberg’s 3 stages of moral development?

A

Preconventional: morals depend on what is punished/rewarded
Conventional: morals depend on rules from authority figures
Post conventional: morals are determined interally

32
Q

Assimilation to accomadation

A

Assimilation: force novel stimuli/experiences to fit your current understanding of the world
Accomodation: change your understanding of the world based on novel stimuli/experiences

33
Q

What are piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

34
Q

What is the sensorimotor phase

A

From 0-2 years, understanding of the world is derived from our senses (what I see is what’s real)

35
Q

What is the preoperational phase?

A

Age 3-7: The phase where children can understand things symbolically

36
Q

How can you tell a child is entering preoperational

A

Development of object permanence (understanding that even if you can’t see an object, it is still there)

37
Q

Concrete operational

A

Age 7-12: Children learn how to manipulate things around them

38
Q

How can you tell a child is entering concrete operational

A

Development of conservation (understanding that changing shape does not mean the amount changes)

39
Q

Formal operational

A

Age 12-adult: Understand hypotheticals and more complicated ideas

40
Q

What are the critiques of Piaget

A

Underestimated children’s abilities, underestimated stage mixing, applied universality even if it was not applicable

41
Q

What did vygotsky believe?

A

Cognitive development comes through social interactions

42
Q

What are the differences in how Piaget and vygotsky view language

A

Piaget: language is a side effect of cognitive development
Vygotsky: language is essential to cognitive development

43
Q

Scaffolding

A

Vygotsky concept: older people helping children learn things

44
Q

Private speech

A

The voice in your head (young children say their thoughts out loud)

45
Q

What is theory of mind

A

Understanding that everyone has their own responsibilities/mental world and development past egotism

46
Q

Egotism

A

Belief that everyone has the same thoughts, information and experiences as you

47
Q

What kind of children develop theory of mind later than others

A

Autistic/mentally impaired children, and deaf children with hearing parents

48
Q

What kinds of children develop theory of mind earlier than others

A

Children with older siblings, with more socialization, and higher socioeconomic status

49
Q

What are 5 reflexes babies have

A

Rooting (stroke babies cheek, will turn head)
palmar (babies grab things)
sucking (suck things put in their mouth)
babinski (splay toes out after stroking feet)
moro (stretch limbs in reaction to falling sensation)

50
Q

What is the difference between ceplacaudal and proximodistal control

A

Ceplacaudal: starts at head and moves down
Proximodistal: starts in center and moves out

51
Q

What was discovered in field et al (1986)

A

That babies who were touched more often gained more weight

52
Q

Social referencing

A

Babies will look to their caregiver when encountering new stimuli to understand how to react

53
Q

What is mische et al (1962-2015)

A

A child alone in a room can eat a marshmallow now or have 2 in five minutes, those who could wait showed more self regulation, better grades, less drug use

54
Q

What happens in emerging adulthood

A

Identity exploration, instability, becoming more self focused, feeling in between, feeling lots of possibilities

55
Q

What are the stages of Eriksons theory of development?

A

Year 1: trust vs mistrust
Year 2-3: autonomy vs shame/doubt
Year 4-5: initiative vs guilt
Year 6-puberty: industry vs inferiority
Adolescence: identity vs confusion
Early adulthood: intimacy vs isolation
Mid adulthood: generativity vs stagnation
Late adulthood: integrity vs despair

56
Q

What are 4 types of aging

A

Biological (how your body is functioning)
Psychological (mental attitude/competence)
Functional (ability to function in your societal role)
Social (ability to adhere to social norms)

57
Q

How do adherence to social norms change as one ages

A

Young: do not understand social norms
Middle: know and follow social norms
Old: do not care about social norms

58
Q

Social emotional selectivity

A

Younger people consume media about the future (increased stress), older people consume emotionally satisfying media (less stress).

59
Q

What is absent/resilient grief

A

Low depression pre and post death

60
Q

What is chronic grief

A

Low pre death depression, long period of post death depression (typically in response to sudden/tragic deaths)

61
Q

What is common grief

A

Spike in depression post death, decreases over time

62
Q

What is depressed-improved grief

A

High depression pre death, less depression post death (typically due to illness)

63
Q

What is chronic depression grief

A

High depression pre and post death (often in parents with children who are ill)

PSYC111 (13 decks)

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