Devevlopmental Psychology Flashcards
Universal vs Ecological
Universal: all humans develop on similar paths
Ecological: humans are influenced by culture, environment, etc
Teratogens
Things a fetus is exposed to by a mother in utero that has a negative influence on its development (alcohol, sickness)
Morning sickness
Symptom of pregnancy involving nausea and vomiting: is the body’s rejection of teratogens
Critical vs sensitive periods
Critical period: traits that can only be learned during a certain point in development
Sensitive: easier to be learned at that point but can be learned later
Post-hoc thinking
Believing that A causes B because A comes before B (error of thinking)
Stage theories
Theories that describe cognitive development, where you must complete one stage before moving towards the next
Habituation
Babies will direct their attention to new stimuli, and away from ones they are familiar with
What does a fetus react to voices in the womb?
Has a slower heart rate in response to mother’s voice, higher heart rate in response to others
What tastes do babies remember from the womb?
Strong tastes
What does a baby see in the womb?
Nothing
Authoritarian parenting
Strict rules, which strict consequences, no exceptions
Permissive parenting
Very few/no rules, and no punishment even if it is warranted
Negligent parenting
Do not interact with children much
Authoritative parenting
There are rules but there is also understanding, and consequences are a conversation instead of strict consequences
What are the outcomes of authoritarian parenting?
Anxiety and “going crazy” after leaving home
What are the outcomes of permissive parenting?
Trouble following rules and self regulating
What are the outcomes of negligent parenting?
Poor sense of self
Which parenting style is the most correlated with positive outcomes?
Authoritative
What is the “strange situation”
An experiment about a baby, mother, and a stranger entering and leaving a toom that is used to determine attachment type
Secure attachment
Child feels safe around the parent: may or may not exhibit distress when parent leaves, but calms down when the parent returns
Anxious attachment
Child does not feel safe around the parent: exhibits distress when the parent leaves and does not calm down when the parent returns
Avoidant attachment
Baby does not seem to care when the parent leaves or returns
Disorganized attachment
No clear pattern in responses to parents leaving/returning
What are the different types of temperament
Easy to warm up, slow to warm up, difficult to warm up
What does a baby’s vision naturally focus on
Human faces
Frontal lobe
Part of brain that tells you to “stop”
Realism to relativism
Realism: rules are rules, no reason to break them
Relativism: elements of situations lead you to break rules for good reasons
Perscription to principle
Perspcription: understanding the letter of the law
Principle: Understanding the intention behind the law
Outcomes to intentions
Outcomes = judging someone by the outcome of their actions
Intentions = judging someone by the intent of their actions
Shift theories
A theory that explains how people’s ideologies shift as they grow
What are kohlberg’s 3 stages of moral development?
Preconventional: morals depend on what is punished/rewarded
Conventional: morals depend on rules from authority figures
Post conventional: morals are determined interally
Assimilation to accomadation
Assimilation: force novel stimuli/experiences to fit your current understanding of the world
Accomodation: change your understanding of the world based on novel stimuli/experiences
What are piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
What is the sensorimotor phase
From 0-2 years, understanding of the world is derived from our senses (what I see is what’s real)
What is the preoperational phase?
Age 3-7: The phase where children can understand things symbolically
How can you tell a child is entering preoperational
Development of object permanence (understanding that even if you can’t see an object, it is still there)
Concrete operational
Age 7-12: Children learn how to manipulate things around them
How can you tell a child is entering concrete operational
Development of conservation (understanding that changing shape does not mean the amount changes)
Formal operational
Age 12-adult: Understand hypotheticals and more complicated ideas
What are the critiques of Piaget
Underestimated children’s abilities, underestimated stage mixing, applied universality even if it was not applicable
What did vygotsky believe?
Cognitive development comes through social interactions
What are the differences in how Piaget and vygotsky view language
Piaget: language is a side effect of cognitive development
Vygotsky: language is essential to cognitive development
Scaffolding
Vygotsky concept: older people helping children learn things
Private speech
The voice in your head (young children say their thoughts out loud)
What is theory of mind
Understanding that everyone has their own responsibilities/mental world and development past egotism
Egotism
Belief that everyone has the same thoughts, information and experiences as you
What kind of children develop theory of mind later than others
Autistic/mentally impaired children, and deaf children with hearing parents
What kinds of children develop theory of mind earlier than others
Children with older siblings, with more socialization, and higher socioeconomic status
What are 5 reflexes babies have
Rooting (stroke babies cheek, will turn head)
palmar (babies grab things)
sucking (suck things put in their mouth)
babinski (splay toes out after stroking feet)
moro (stretch limbs in reaction to falling sensation)
What is the difference between ceplacaudal and proximodistal control
Ceplacaudal: starts at head and moves down
Proximodistal: starts in center and moves out
What was discovered in field et al (1986)
That babies who were touched more often gained more weight
Social referencing
Babies will look to their caregiver when encountering new stimuli to understand how to react
What is mische et al (1962-2015)
A child alone in a room can eat a marshmallow now or have 2 in five minutes, those who could wait showed more self regulation, better grades, less drug use
What happens in emerging adulthood
Identity exploration, instability, becoming more self focused, feeling in between, feeling lots of possibilities
What are the stages of Eriksons theory of development?
Year 1: trust vs mistrust
Year 2-3: autonomy vs shame/doubt
Year 4-5: initiative vs guilt
Year 6-puberty: industry vs inferiority
Adolescence: identity vs confusion
Early adulthood: intimacy vs isolation
Mid adulthood: generativity vs stagnation
Late adulthood: integrity vs despair
What are 4 types of aging
Biological (how your body is functioning)
Psychological (mental attitude/competence)
Functional (ability to function in your societal role)
Social (ability to adhere to social norms)
How do adherence to social norms change as one ages
Young: do not understand social norms
Middle: know and follow social norms
Old: do not care about social norms
Social emotional selectivity
Younger people consume media about the future (increased stress), older people consume emotionally satisfying media (less stress).
What is absent/resilient grief
Low depression pre and post death
What is chronic grief
Low pre death depression, long period of post death depression (typically in response to sudden/tragic deaths)
What is common grief
Spike in depression post death, decreases over time
What is depressed-improved grief
High depression pre death, less depression post death (typically due to illness)
What is chronic depression grief
High depression pre and post death (often in parents with children who are ill)
