Learning Flashcards
Mechanisms of classical conditioning
Neutral stimuli (NS): elicits no natural response
Unconditioned stimuli (UCS): elicits natural automatic response
Conditioned stimuli (CS): repeated pairing of NS and UCS causes them to be associated
Unconditioned response (UR): response elicited from UCS
Conditioned response (CR): response elicited from conditioned stimulus
Other elements of classical conditioning
Acquisition: time period where learning occurs (when NS is paired with UCS)
Extinction: when organism stops responding to CS because it is no longer associated with UCS (still considered a type of learning)
Spontaneous recovery: random resurgence of CR, post extinction, without a relearning period
Generalization: responds to novel stimulus as if it were stimulus (usually because they are similar)
Discrimination: Responds to novel stimulus appropriately (opposite of generalization)
Taste aversion: aversion to food you once got sick to
High order conditioning: take a CS and pair it with another NS to create another CS, unassociated w/ original UCS
Latent inhibition: already some kind of learning associated w/ NS
Renewal effect: extinction happened in an environment, but CR responds in new environment (example of spontaneous recovery)
Little Albert
Classical conditioning study on a baby, conditioning the baby to fear white rats by associating them with a loud noise
UCS = loud noise
UCR = fear
CS = white rats
Mechanisms of operant conditioning
Thorndike’s law of effect: behaviors that are followed by a reward will be repeated, followed by a punishment will not
Reinforcement: results in behavior increase
Punishment: results in behavior decrease
Positive: adds something to situation
Negative: takes something away from situation
Schedules of reinforcement
Ratio: a certain number of responses leads to consequence, results in faster number of responses
Interval: certain amount of time leads to consequence, results in slower number of responses
Fixed: set time/number of responses triggers a consequence, more consistent pattern of response
Variable: time/number of responses that triggers a consequence varies, less consistent pattern of responses
Other elements of OC
Premack principle: preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity
Partial reinforcement: behavior is reinforced in some environments but not in others, can lead to confusion in learner
Primary reinforcer: serves biological need
Secondary reinforcement: something organism learns to want
Shaping: want to teach something complex, must slowly shape behavior closer and closer to end goal
Token economies: tokens have value to trade for better things
Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination same as CC
CC vs OC
Behavior base:
CC UCR is automatic/reflexive
OC is less automatic, have to think about it more
Consequence:
CC consequence is built into UCS
OC consequence is based on reaction to behavior
Culture:
CC is not influenced by culture
OC is influenced by culture
Other elements of conditioning
Deconditioning: unlearning
Evaluative conditioning: when evaluation of a thing changes after repeated pairing with other stimulus
Generalization gradient: the more similar two things are to each other, the more likely generalization is to occur
Stimulus-organism-response (SOR): must understand organisms perception of stimulus to understand organism response
Instinctive drift: over time, instincts will interfere with learned behavior, behavior drifts back to instincts
Types of non associative learning
Habituation: learn to stop responding to a stimulus after it is no longer relevant (get used to the stimulus)
Sensitization: increased response to a stimulus because it is brought to you attention or is increasingly relevant
Types of observational learning
Modeling: teacher displays skill for purpose of learner to learn
Imitation: teacher displays skill without intent for learner to learn, but learner still learns
Restriction of behavior: learning not to do something by watching someone else
Diffusion chain: process of an expert teaching a novice who them becomes an expert who teaches the skill to a novice and so on
Implicit learning: subconscious observational learning
Requirements of observational learning
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
