Intelligence And Problem Solving Flashcards
Important people (intelligence + problem solving)
Alfred Binet: created first intelligence test for French children to determine what schools to fund
Lewis Terman: created Stanford Binet test, built off what Binet made, recognized as first intelligence test for English speaking children, first to bring up the idea of IQ
David Wechsler: Created WAIS (wechsler adult intelligence scale) first intelligence test for English speaking adults
How to calculate IQ
Mental age divided by actual age times 100
Types of testing
Intelligence: tests amount of info an individual has (most broad type of exam)
Aptitude: ability to use info
Achievement: testing mastery of a specific subject (most specific type of exam)
Testing vs cognitive perspectives
Testing perspective: focuses on quantitative amount of information a person has
Cognitive perspective: focuses on the way someone uses info
Cultural bias
People creating an exam will have a bias where ppl from their culture will do well, people from others will do worse
G-factor
Theory of intelligence, comprised of 3 dimensions:
Verbal: ability to complete language based questions
Spatial: ability to understand/manipulate spatial info
Quantitative: ability to do types of math
CHC model
Hierarchy of things that make up intelligence:
General: G-factor, general intelligence/retention
Broad: broad cognitive ability like memory
Nero: task-specific distinct abilities
Sternberg’s triarchic theory
Analytic: mental steps/components used to solve problems, typical perspective of intelligence
Creative: use of experience in ways that fasten insight
Practical: solving problems we face on a daily basis
Elements of intelligence
Cumulative deprivation hypothesis: people who come from a more enriched environment score higher, people from deprived environments score lower
Reaction range: a person’s genetics can set up a range for their potential intelligence
Flynn effect: intelligence tends to increase across generations
Intellectual disability
Criteria: onset must be present prior to adulthood, IQ must be below 70
Categories: mild, moderate, severe, profound depending on how much help they need day to day
Chromosomal: due to genetic issue
Metabolic: due to being exposed to teratogen in the womb
Biological: medical disorder that leads to disability
Unknown: not sure why or how, most cases are like this
Categories of problems
Convergent problem: has a known solution
Divergent problem: requires novel solutions
Inducing structure: understanding connections/structure of a problem to reach a solution
Arrangement: take components and rearrange them to help you reach a solution
Transform: transform aspects of a problem/environment to reach a target state
Ways to solve problems
Trial and error: randomly trying whatever comes to mind to see what works (lots of time, inaccurate)
Algorithms: test every single solution systematically until you find it (lots of time, accurate)
Heuristic: using a shortcut to eliminate potential solutions (less time, potentially inaccurate)
Subgoals: break up big problem into more digestible problems
Changing representation: changing perspective of how you look at a problem
Incubation: taking a break to restart brain process
4 stages of creativity
Preparation: discovering/defining problem
Incubation: put problem aside and not focusing on it
Insight: eureka moment, answer comes to mind
Elaboration-verification: testing solution to make sure it actually solves problem
Convergent vs divergent thinking
Convergent thinking: coming up with the one best solution
Divergent thinking: coming up with as many different solutions to a problem
Correlates of creativity
Expertise: need to have well developed knowledge base in order to explore/be creative
Imaginative thinking: ability to see things in new and unusual ways
Venturesome personality: someone who seeks out new experiences, deals well with risk and ambiguity, perseveres in the face of obstacles
Intrinsic motivation: does things because they want to do them, and not for incentives
Creative environment: environment that incentivizes and supports exploration, less rules and structure
