Building block Flashcards
Clinical psychology
The study of mental disorders and how to treat them
Experimental Psychology
Using the scientific method to learn about the mind
G Stanley Hall
1st american psych pHD, opened 1st recognized psych lab, opened APA
APA
(American Psychological Association) one of the most influential/populated psych orgs
Margaret Floyd Washburn
1st american woman pHD in psych
Francis Cecil Sumner
1st black american psych pHD
Bio Psycho Social
Way of viewing psychology that includes biology, psychology and sociology
Counseling psychologist
Psychologist that doesn’t deal with disorders but with the challenges of life
Community psychologist
Create social environments cultivating mental health
Nativism
Viewpoint created by Plato, humans are born with innate knowledge
Philosophical Empiricism
Viewpoint created by Aristotle, all humans knowledge is gained through experience
Demons theory
Ancient theory where people believed demons were responsible for psychological disorders
Trephination
Ancient practice where parts of people’s brains were cut out to cure mental disorders
Old biologic theories
Outdated belief that different parts of your psychology are determined by different parts of your body
John Locke
Believed all knowledge came from experience
Old witchcraft theory
Outdated belief that mental disorders were caused by witches, and those “witches” would be killed
Phrenology
Outdated belief that different bumps and divots were responsible for different psychological aspects
Weber and Fechner
Believed there is a difference between real and perceived world
Gestalt philosophy
Understanding your whole philosophy is better than understanding your senses individually
Structuralism
Understanding the aspects that make up our consciousness (structure), founded by willhem wundt
Wilhem Wundt
Founder of structuralism, opened first psychology lab
When was the first psychology lab opened
1879
Functionalism
Understanding the function of our psychology, influenced by darwin, founded by william james
Sigmund Freud
Switched focus of psychology from the conscious to the unconscious, believed humans were innately bad,
Behaviorism
Mind does not matter: behavior does
Humanism
All humans have the capacity for good, though not all will be (in opposition to Freud’s view)
What is the difference between basic and applied psychology?
Basic: to expand knowledge, with no real
Applied: application to the real world
Reciprocal determinism
The idea that people all influence each other
Skepticism vs naive realism
Skepticism: you can’t believe everything you see
Naive realism: the world is exactly as you see it
What are the three roadblocks to scientific thinking?
Hindsight bias, overconfidence, and perceiving patterns in randoms
Hindsight bias
After completing an experiment, the false belief that you knew the results all along
What are the benefits of doing an experiment
It is the only test that determines causality
What are the requirements of an experiment
Must have a manipulatable IV, random assignment
What is a quasi experiment
An experiment on a IV that is non manipulatable
Cross sectional
Provide a snapshot of a time-based IV at a moment, rather than over time
Natural observation
Observing participants without their knowledge (typically in public settings)
between-subjects vs within-subjects
Between: each participant is exposed to each IV
Within: each participant is exposed to a different IV
What does WEIRD mean
Most participants in psych studies are from Western Educated Independent Rich Democratic countries
internal vs external validity
Internal: degree of cause-effect between variables
External: degree of population/setting influence
reliability vs validity
reliability: getting the same score over multiple instances
validity: getting scores closer to the population mean
Self selection
People who choose to participate in a study
T-test vs F-stat vs p-test
T: diff between 2 groups
F: diff between 2 or more groups
p: how likely that difference is due to chance
positive vs negative correlation
positive: variables increase/decrease together
negative: variables move in opposition to each other
What is it called when a participant is told the risks and dangers of participating in a study?
Informed consent
What is respect for persons?
You cannot force or coerce participants
Can you coerce participants with money?
Yes, unless it is so much that they feel like they can’t say no
Beneficence
Maximize benefit, minimize cost
Fairness
All participants should reap benefits of the study
Debriefing
Come clean at the end of the experiment about what you lied about and why
What are the main ethics concepts discussed?
Informed consent, respect for persons, beneficence, confidentiality, fairness, debriefing
What is the Tuskeegee Syphilis study?
An unethical study where members of a poor black community were unknowingly injected with syphilis, many of whom died and were not treated
What is the main issue with animal research
Animals can’t consent
What are the three kinds of misconduct?
Plagiarism, Falsification, Fabrication
Falsification vs fabrication
Falsification: data is collected and intentionally manipulated
Fabrication: data is completely made up
Experimenter expectancy
Experimenter expects their experiment to go a certain way, impacting results
Demand characteristics
Behavior that communicate the researcher’s expectations, which influence how participants react
Blindness
Participant is unaware of the experimental group they are in
Double blindness
Neither the researcher or participant knows what experimental group they are in
Hawthorne effect
Participants behave differently when they know they are being observed
Social desirability bias
Participants want to reply in socially acceptable ways instead of truthfully
Bogus pipeline
Participants are hooked up to a lie detector. Being exposed as a liar is less desirable than telling socially unacceptable truths
Confound variable
Other variable not studied in experiment that affects dependent variable
What is the best kind of study for psychology?
A double-blind experiment
