Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Decoding olfaction, our sense of smell
Identified more than 1000 special receptors in the nose that transmit olfactory information to the brain

A

Richard Axel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Discovered how hundreds of genes in our DNA code for the odorant sensors located in the olfactory sensory neurons in our noses

A

Linda Buck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Founder of psychophysics, a set of methods for empirically relating measured sensory stimulus to reported sensation

A

Gustav Fechner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Perceptual learning
Argued for her differentiational theory of perceptual learning, in contrast to the dominant associationist theories

A

Eleanor Gibson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Research into color vision, binocular perception and eye movements
Proposed opponent color theory

A

Ewald Hering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Discovered how individual brain cells convey information that enables us to see the world

A

David Hubel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Discovered the McGurk effect, which is an auditory-visual illusion that illustrates how perceivers merge information for speech sounds across the senses

A

Harry McGurk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pain mechanisms in humans and animals
Gate control theory of pain
McGill Pain Questionnaire

A

Ronald Melzack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Challenged paranormal and pseudoscientific claims
Tested and debunked supposed psychic phenomena

A

James Randi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pioneer in the scientific study of human vision and audition
Interested in the relationship between measurable physical stimuli and their correspondent human perceptions

A

Hermann von Helmholtz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Studied depth perception in human infants and a variety of animal species by examining the factors that determine whether or not the subject would cross the threshold of the “cliff”

A

Richard Walk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Leading expert on pain
Gate control theory of pain

A

Patrick Wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Determined that there was a threshold of sensation that must be passed before an increase in the intensity of any stimulus could be detected

A

Ernst Weber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Discovered the critical period in visual system development
Research on visual information processing by the visual cortex of the brain

A

Torsten Wiesel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Discovered the way in which the lens of the eye changes shape to focus on objects at differing distances

A

Thomas Young

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Process by which we receive information from the environment
1. Receptors
2. Neural pathways
3. Sensory processes

A

Sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Process of organizing/interpreting sensory info
Enables us to recognize meaningful objects/events

A

Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Begins with sensory receptors - works up to the brain’s processing of sensory info

A

Bottom-up processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  1. Guided by higher-level mental processes
  2. We construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
A

Top-down processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ability to focus on one stimulus while ignoring other stimuli that are present (cocktail party effect)
ADHD (unable to selectively attend)

A

Selective attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

Inattentional blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Failing to notice changes in the environment

A

Change blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
Study of sensation and perception

A

Psychophysics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Weakest amount of a stimulus required to produce a sensation
Level that produces positive response of detection 50% of the time

A

Absolute Threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  1. Predicts how and when we detect presence of faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
  2. Assumes no single absolute threshold
  3. Detection depends on experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue
A

Signal Detection Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Receipt of messages below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Imperceptible brief stimulus triggers weak response that evokes a feeling, though not a conscious awareness of stimulus
Subtle, fleeting effect on thinking, Not a powerful enduring effect on behavior

A

Subliminal Stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A phenomenon in which exposure to one stimulus influences how a person responds to a subsequent, related stimulus

A

Priming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Minimal change in stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time (just noticeable difference)

A

Difference Threshold

29
Q

The larger or stronger a stimulus, the larger the change required for a person to notice that anything has happened to it

A

Weber’s Law

30
Q
  1. Decline in receptor activity when stimuli are changing
  2. Not sight because eyes always moving
A

Sensory Adaptation

31
Q

Sensory systems convert stimulus energy to neural messages

A

Transduction

32
Q

The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next
Short - high frequency (bluish colors)
Long - low frequency (reddish colors)

A

Wavelength

33
Q

The dimension of color that is determined by a wavelength of light
Determined by the wave’s amplitude
Great amplitude - bright colors
Small amplitude - dull colors

A

Hue

34
Q

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave which we perceive as brightness or loudness as determined by the wave’s amplitude

A

Intensity

35
Q

Adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

Pupil

36
Q

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the color portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

A

Iris

37
Q

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

Lens

38
Q

Nerve cells in brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus (shape, color, or movement)

A

Feature Detectors

39
Q

Processing of many aspects of an object simultaneously

A

Parallel Processing

40
Q
  1. Retina contains three color receptors: red (60%), green (30%), blue (10%)
  2. When stimulated, in combination, can produce perception of any color
A

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

41
Q

Opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision
Ex: some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red
Afterimage

A

Opponent Process Theory

42
Q

Vibrations of air, hearing depends on these vibrations

A

Audition

43
Q

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

A

Frequency

44
Q

A tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
Higher frequency - higher pitch
Lower frequency - lower pitch

A

Pitch

45
Q

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

A

Middle ear

46
Q
  1. Damage to mechanical system that conducts sound waves to cochlea
  2. Problems with eardrum or bones of middle ear
A

Conduction Hearing Loss

47
Q
  1. Damage to cochlea’s receptor cells or to auditory nerves
  2. nerve deafness
A

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

48
Q
  1. Sensorineural hearing loss
  2. Converts sounds into electrical signals
  3. Stimulates auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into cochlea
A

Cochlear Implant

49
Q

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

50
Q

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

A

Inner Ear

51
Q

Different frequencies of sound waves vibrate different places on cochlea

A

Place Theory

52
Q

The frequency of the auditory nerve’s impulses corresponds to the frequency of a tone, which allows us to detect its pitch. Sounds come into the ear as acoustical signals and are later transformed into nerve impulses by the cochlea

A

Frequency Theory

53
Q
  1. Sense of movement and body position
  2. Posture and balance is a combination of sight, vestibular sense and kinesthetic sense
  3. Receptors are near muscles, tendons, and joints
A

Kinesthesis

54
Q
  1. Sense of balance
  2. Located in the semicircular canals in the ear
A

Vestibular Sense

55
Q

Pain experienced when pain messages pass through gate in spinal cord on way to brain
Gate is opened by small nerve fibers that carry pain signals
Gate is closed by nerve fibers that conduct most other sensory signals or by information coming from brain

A

Gate-Control Theory

56
Q

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

A

Sensory Interaction

57
Q
  1. An organized whole
  2. The tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
A

Gestalt

58
Q

The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

A

Figure-ground

59
Q

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Ex: Proximity, Continuity, Closure

A

Grouping

60
Q

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

A

Depth Perception

61
Q

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

A

Visual Cliff

62
Q

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

A

Binocular Cues

63
Q

A binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance – the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object

A

Retinal Disparity

64
Q

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

A

Monocular Cues

65
Q

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

A

Phi Phenomenon

66
Q

Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, sizes, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change

A

Perceptual Constancy

67
Q

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

A

Color Constancy

68
Q

Ability of body to adapt to an environment by filtering out distractions
In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

A

Perceptual Adaptation

69
Q

Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

A

Perceptual Set

Psychology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions