Biological Bases of Behavior (Neuroscience)

Question 1

Speech production center of the brain is located on the left side of the brain
Broca’s area

Answer 1

Broca

Question 2

Damaged frontal lobe caused him to have a different personality

Answer 2

Phineas Gage

Question 3

Understand of functional lateralization in the human brain and how the cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another

Answer 3

Gazzaniga

Question 4

Spilt-brain research
Left hemisphere responsible for language understanding and articulation, the right hemisphere could recognize a word but not articulate it

Answer 4

Sperry

Question 5

Study of aphasia
Wernicke’s area

Answer 5

Wernicke

Question 6

“reward” system in the brain

Answer 6

Olds

Question 7

study of memory and temporal lobes, the lateralization of hemispheric function in language, role of frontal lobes in problem-solving

Answer 7

Milner

Question 8

Changed the way people understand individual differences in human behavior

Answer 8

Bouchard

Question 9

Study of human sexuality and mating strategies
Personality and individual differences, social emotions, intimate partner violence, stalking, and murder

Answer 9

Buss

Question 10

Human semantic memory and cognition

Answer 10

Collins

Question 11

transmutation of species, natural selection, evolution by common descent

Answer 11

Darwin

Question 12

gender role theory to explain sex differences in these behaviors

Answer 12

Eagly

Question 13

Methods of recording electrodermal activity

Answer 13

Lykken

Question 14

links between various gene sequences and mental health disorders

Answer 14

Plomin

Question 15

the origins and maintenances of sex-related differences and similarities in social behavior and the dynamics of social influence and attitude change

Answer 15

Wood

Question 16

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Answer 16

Neuron

Question 17

Neurons that carry incoming information from the brain receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Answer 17

Sensory Neurons

Question 18

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Answer 18

Motor Neurons

Question 19

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Answer 19

Interneurons

Question 20

A neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

Answer 20

Dendrite

Question 21

The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches away to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Answer 21

Axon

Question 22

A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axon of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from on node to the next

Answer 22

Myelin Sheath

Question 23

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

Answer 23

Action Potential

Question 24

a level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Answer 24

Threshold

Question 25

the space between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the receptor sites of the receiving neurons

Answer 25

Synapse

Question 26

Chemical messengers

Answer 26

Neurotransmitter

Question 27

A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

Answer 27

Reuptake

Question 28

Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure

Answer 28

Endorphins

Question 29

The body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

Answer 29

Nervous System

Question 30

The brain and the spinal cord

Answer 30

Central Nervous System

Question 31

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Answer 31

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 32

Bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

Answer 32

Nerves

Question 33

Controls voluntary movements

Answer 33

Somatic Nervous System

Question 34

Controls involuntary responses

Answer 34

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 35

"Fight or Flight" (arousing)

Answer 35

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 36

"Rest or Digest" (calming)

Answer 36

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 37

Simple, automatic responses to sensory stimuli

Answer 37

Reflex

Question 38

"Slow" chemical communication system; secretes hormones into bloodstream

Answer 38

Endocrine System

Question 39

Chemical messengers manufactured by endocrine glands, travel through bloodstream affects other tissues

Answer 39

Hormones

Question 40

Sit just above the kidneys, secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress "Fight or Flight" response

Answer 40

Adrenal Glands

Question 41

Most influential gland, under influence of hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

Answer 41

Pituitary Gland

Question 42

Destruction of tissue

Answer 42

Lesion

Question 43

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

Answer 43

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Question 44

a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure.

Answer 44

CT (computed tomography)

Question 45

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

Answer 45

PET (positron emission tomography)

Question 46

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

Answer 46

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Question 47

a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as its structure

Answer 47

fMRI (functional MRI)

Question 48

Sustenance, Shelter, Safety, and Sex Fight or Flight response Acts rather than thinks Downshifts to reptilian brain when under threat-complex learning cannot take place

Answer 48

Brainstem

Question 49

Controls heartbeat and breathing

Answer 49

Medulla

Question 50

Controls alertness and arousal

Answer 50

Reticular Formation

Question 51

Sensory switchboard for all senses except smell

Answer 51

Thalamus

Question 52

Coordinating movement output, balance, and posture

Answer 52

Cerebellum

Question 53

Most memorable learning experiences linked with emotion Has visual memory, but language is limited to screams and expletives

Answer 53

Limbic System

Question 54

Linked to emotion, mainly fear and anger

Answer 54

Amygdala

Question 55

directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system, linked to emotion and reward

Answer 55

Hypothalamus

Question 56

Seat of academic learning In order to learn, environment must be absent of threats

Answer 56

Cerebral Cortex

Question 57

Support the neuron Involved in nutrition and maintenance of neurons

Answer 57

Glial Cells

Question 58

Speaking and muscle movements Making plans and judgements Impulse control Emotion

Answer 58

Frontal Lobe

Question 59

Sensory input, taste, temperature, and touch

Answer 59

Parietal Lobe

Question 60

Information from visual fields

Answer 60

Occipital Lobes

Question 61

Auditory areas and some language

Answer 61

Temporal Lobes

Question 62

Controls voluntary movements More precise movement, larger area devoted to it

Answer 62

Motor Cortex

Question 63

Registers and processes body touch and movement sensations More sensitive the body region, larger area devoted to it

Answer 63

Sensory Cortex

Question 64

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory function; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

Answer 64

Association Areas

Question 65

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage in the following areas

Answer 65

Aphasia

Question 66

Impaired speaking Trouble getting words out

Answer 66

Broca's area

Question 67

Impaired understanding Talk fluently, but doesn't make sense

Answer 67

Wernicke's area

Question 68

The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Answer 68

Plasticity

Question 69

The process by which new neurons are formed in the brain Crucial when an embryo is developing Occurs in certain brain regions after birth and throughout our lifespan Alzheimer's depression, anxiety can interfere with neurogenesis

Answer 69

Neurogenesis

Question 70

The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Answer 70

Corpus Callosum

Question 71

A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fivers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them

Answer 71

Split Brain

Question 72

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Answer 72

Consciousness

Question 73

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language)

Answer 73

Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 74

A phenomenon can occur in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Answer 74

Dual Processing

Question 75

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Answer 75

Behavior Genetics

Question 76

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

Answer 76

Environment

Question 77

Found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

Answer 77

Chromosomes

Question 78

contains the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

Answer 78

DNA

Question 79

a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring

Answer 79

Genes

Question 80

complete instructions for making an organism, consists of all genetic materials Distinguishes us from chimpanzees or dogs or cats or mice

Answer 80

Genome

Question 81

Develop from one fertilized egg

Answer 81

Identical Twins

Question 82

Develop from two separate fertilized eggs

Answer 82

Fraternal Twins

Question 83

The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones

Answer 83

Heritability

Question 84

The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes Genetic tests can now reveal at-risk populations for many diseases

Answer 84

Molecular Genetics

Question 85

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Answer 85

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 86

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

Answer 86

Natural Selection

Question 87

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Answer 87

Mutation

Question 88

Drugs that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body

Answer 88

Stimulant

Question 89

A drug that lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to depress or reduce arousal or stimulation, in various areas of the brain

Answer 89

Depressant

Question 90

Drugs that distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Answer 90

Hallucinogen

Question 91

Opioid-like substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including anesthesia

Answer 91

Opiate