Biological Bases of Behavior (Neuroscience) Flashcards

1
Q

Speech production center of the brain is located on the left side of the brain
Broca’s area

A

Broca

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2
Q

Damaged frontal lobe caused him to have a different personality

A

Phineas Gage

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3
Q

Understand of functional lateralization in the human brain and how the cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another

A

Gazzaniga

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4
Q

Spilt-brain research
Left hemisphere responsible for language understanding and articulation, the right hemisphere could recognize a word but not articulate it

A

Sperry

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5
Q

Study of aphasia
Wernicke’s area

A

Wernicke

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6
Q

“reward” system in the brain

A

Olds

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7
Q

study of memory and temporal lobes, the lateralization of hemispheric function in language, role of frontal lobes in problem-solving

A

Milner

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8
Q

Changed the way people understand individual differences in human behavior

A

Bouchard

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9
Q

Study of human sexuality and mating strategies
Personality and individual differences, social emotions, intimate partner violence, stalking, and murder

A

Buss

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10
Q

Human semantic memory and cognition

A

Collins

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11
Q

transmutation of species, natural selection, evolution by common descent

A

Darwin

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12
Q

gender role theory to explain sex differences in these behaviors

A

Eagly

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13
Q

Methods of recording electrodermal activity

A

Lykken

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14
Q

links between various gene sequences and mental health disorders

A

Plomin

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15
Q

the origins and maintenances of sex-related differences and similarities in social behavior and the dynamics of social influence and attitude change

A

Wood

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16
Q

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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17
Q

Neurons that carry incoming information from the brain receptors to the brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory Neurons

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18
Q

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

A

Motor Neurons

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19
Q

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

A

Interneurons

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20
Q

A neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrite

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21
Q

The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches away to other neurons or to muscles or glands

A

Axon

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22
Q

A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axon of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from on node to the next

A

Myelin Sheath

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23
Q

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

A

Action Potential

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24
Q

a level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

A

Threshold

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25
the space between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the receptor sites of the receiving neurons
Synapse
26
Chemical messengers
Neurotransmitter
27
A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
Reuptake
28
Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure
Endorphins
29
The body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
Nervous System
30
The brain and the spinal cord
Central Nervous System
31
The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous System
32
Bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
Nerves
33
Controls voluntary movements
Somatic Nervous System
34
Controls involuntary responses
Autonomic Nervous System
35
"Fight or Flight" (arousing)
Sympathetic Nervous System
36
"Rest or Digest" (calming)
Parasympathetic Nervous System
37
Simple, automatic responses to sensory stimuli
Reflex
38
"Slow" chemical communication system; secretes hormones into bloodstream
Endocrine System
39
Chemical messengers manufactured by endocrine glands, travel through bloodstream affects other tissues
Hormones
40
Sit just above the kidneys, secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress "Fight or Flight" response
Adrenal Glands
41
Most influential gland, under influence of hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
Pituitary Gland
42
Destruction of tissue
Lesion
43
an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
EEG (Electroencephalogram)
44
a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure.
CT (computed tomography)
45
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
PET (positron emission tomography)
46
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
47
a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as its structure
fMRI (functional MRI)
48
Sustenance, Shelter, Safety, and Sex Fight or Flight response Acts rather than thinks Downshifts to reptilian brain when under threat-complex learning cannot take place
Brainstem
49
Controls heartbeat and breathing
Medulla
50
Controls alertness and arousal
Reticular Formation
51
Sensory switchboard for all senses except smell
Thalamus
52
Coordinating movement output, balance, and posture
Cerebellum
53
Most memorable learning experiences linked with emotion Has visual memory, but language is limited to screams and expletives
Limbic System
54
Linked to emotion, mainly fear and anger
Amygdala
55
directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system, linked to emotion and reward
Hypothalamus
56
Seat of academic learning In order to learn, environment must be absent of threats
Cerebral Cortex
57
Support the neuron Involved in nutrition and maintenance of neurons
Glial Cells
58
Speaking and muscle movements Making plans and judgements Impulse control Emotion
Frontal Lobe
59
Sensory input, taste, temperature, and touch
Parietal Lobe
60
Information from visual fields
Occipital Lobes
61
Auditory areas and some language
Temporal Lobes
62
Controls voluntary movements More precise movement, larger area devoted to it
Motor Cortex
63
Registers and processes body touch and movement sensations More sensitive the body region, larger area devoted to it
Sensory Cortex
64
Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory function; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
Association Areas
65
Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage in the following areas
Aphasia
66
Impaired speaking Trouble getting words out
Broca's area
67
Impaired understanding Talk fluently, but doesn't make sense
Wernicke's area
68
The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
Plasticity
69
The process by which new neurons are formed in the brain Crucial when an embryo is developing Occurs in certain brain regions after birth and throughout our lifespan Alzheimer's depression, anxiety can interfere with neurogenesis
Neurogenesis
70
The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
Corpus Callosum
71
A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fivers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them
Split Brain
72
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Consciousness
73
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language)
Cognitive Neuroscience
74
A phenomenon can occur in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
Dual Processing
75
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Behavior Genetics
76
Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
Environment
77
Found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
Chromosomes
78
contains the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
DNA
79
a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring
Genes
80
complete instructions for making an organism, consists of all genetic materials Distinguishes us from chimpanzees or dogs or cats or mice
Genome
81
Develop from one fertilized egg
Identical Twins
82
Develop from two separate fertilized eggs
Fraternal Twins
83
The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones
Heritability
84
The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes Genetic tests can now reveal at-risk populations for many diseases
Molecular Genetics
85
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
Evolutionary Psychology
86
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Natural Selection
87
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
Mutation
88
Drugs that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body
Stimulant
89
A drug that lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to depress or reduce arousal or stimulation, in various areas of the brain
Depressant
90
Drugs that distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
Hallucinogen
91
Opioid-like substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including anesthesia
Opiate