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Psychology > Biological Bases of Behavior (Neuroscience) > Flashcards

Biological Bases of Behavior (Neuroscience) Flashcards

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1
Q

Speech production center of the brain is located on the left side of the brain
Broca’s area

A

Broca

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2
Q

Damaged frontal lobe caused him to have a different personality

A

Phineas Gage

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3
Q

Understand of functional lateralization in the human brain and how the cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another

A

Gazzaniga

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4
Q

Spilt-brain research
Left hemisphere responsible for language understanding and articulation, the right hemisphere could recognize a word but not articulate it

A

Sperry

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5
Q

Study of aphasia
Wernicke’s area

A

Wernicke

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6
Q

“reward” system in the brain

A

Olds

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7
Q

study of memory and temporal lobes, the lateralization of hemispheric function in language, role of frontal lobes in problem-solving

A

Milner

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8
Q

Changed the way people understand individual differences in human behavior

A

Bouchard

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9
Q

Study of human sexuality and mating strategies
Personality and individual differences, social emotions, intimate partner violence, stalking, and murder

A

Buss

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10
Q

Human semantic memory and cognition

A

Collins

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11
Q

transmutation of species, natural selection, evolution by common descent

A

Darwin

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12
Q

gender role theory to explain sex differences in these behaviors

A

Eagly

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13
Q

Methods of recording electrodermal activity

A

Lykken

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14
Q

links between various gene sequences and mental health disorders

A

Plomin

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15
Q

the origins and maintenances of sex-related differences and similarities in social behavior and the dynamics of social influence and attitude change

A

Wood

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16
Q

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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17
Q

Neurons that carry incoming information from the brain receptors to the brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory Neurons

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18
Q

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

A

Motor Neurons

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19
Q

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

A

Interneurons

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20
Q

A neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrite

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21
Q

The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches away to other neurons or to muscles or glands

A

Axon

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22
Q

A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axon of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from on node to the next

A

Myelin Sheath

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23
Q

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

A

Action Potential

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24
Q

a level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

A

Threshold

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25
Q

the space between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the receptor sites of the receiving neurons

A

Synapse

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26
Q

Chemical messengers

A

Neurotransmitter

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27
Q

A neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

A

Reuptake

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28
Q

Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure

A

Endorphins

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29
Q

The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

A

Nervous System

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30
Q

The brain and the spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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31
Q

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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32
Q

Bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

A

Nerves

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33
Q

Controls voluntary movements

A

Somatic Nervous System

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34
Q

Controls involuntary responses

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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35
Q

“Fight or Flight”
(arousing)

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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36
Q

“Rest or Digest”
(calming)

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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37
Q

Simple, automatic responses to sensory stimuli

A

Reflex

38
Q

“Slow” chemical communication system; secretes hormones into bloodstream

A

Endocrine System

39
Q

Chemical messengers manufactured by endocrine glands, travel through bloodstream
affects other tissues

A

Hormones

40
Q

Sit just above the kidneys, secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress
“Fight or Flight” response

A

Adrenal Glands

41
Q

Most influential gland, under influence of hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary Gland

42
Q

Destruction of tissue

A

Lesion

43
Q

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

A

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

44
Q

a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure.

A

CT (computed tomography)

45
Q

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

A

PET (positron emission tomography)

46
Q

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

47
Q

a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as its structure

A

fMRI (functional MRI)

48
Q

Sustenance, Shelter, Safety, and Sex
Fight or Flight response
Acts rather than thinks
Downshifts to reptilian brain when under threat-complex learning cannot take place

A

Brainstem

49
Q

Controls heartbeat and breathing

A

Medulla

50
Q

Controls alertness and arousal

A

Reticular Formation

51
Q

Sensory switchboard for all senses except smell

A

Thalamus

52
Q

Coordinating movement output, balance, and posture

A

Cerebellum

53
Q

Most memorable learning experiences linked with emotion
Has visual memory, but language is limited to screams and expletives

A

Limbic System

54
Q

Linked to emotion, mainly fear and anger

A

Amygdala

55
Q

directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system, linked to emotion and reward

A

Hypothalamus

56
Q

Seat of academic learning
In order to learn, environment must be absent of threats

A

Cerebral Cortex

57
Q

Support the neuron
Involved in nutrition and maintenance of neurons

A

Glial Cells

58
Q

Speaking and muscle movements
Making plans and judgements
Impulse control
Emotion

A

Frontal Lobe

59
Q

Sensory input, taste, temperature, and touch

A

Parietal Lobe

60
Q

Information from visual fields

A

Occipital Lobes

61
Q

Auditory areas and some language

A

Temporal Lobes

62
Q

Controls voluntary movements
More precise movement, larger area devoted to it

A

Motor Cortex

63
Q

Registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
More sensitive the body region, larger area devoted to it

A

Sensory Cortex

64
Q

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory function; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

A

Association Areas

65
Q

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage in the following areas

A

Aphasia

66
Q

Impaired speaking
Trouble getting words out

A

Broca’s area

67
Q

Impaired understanding
Talk fluently, but doesn’t make sense

A

Wernicke’s area

68
Q

The brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

A

Plasticity

69
Q

The process by which new neurons are formed in the brain
Crucial when an embryo is developing
Occurs in certain brain regions after birth and throughout our lifespan
Alzheimer’s depression, anxiety can interfere with neurogenesis

A

Neurogenesis

70
Q

The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

A

Corpus Callosum

71
Q

A condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fivers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them

A

Split Brain

72
Q

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

A

Consciousness

73
Q

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language)

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

74
Q

A phenomenon can occur in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes
The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

A

Dual Processing

75
Q

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

A

Behavior Genetics

76
Q

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

A

Environment

77
Q

Found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

A

Chromosomes

78
Q

contains the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

A

DNA

79
Q

a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring

A

Genes

80
Q

complete instructions for making an organism, consists of all genetic materials
Distinguishes us from chimpanzees or dogs or cats or mice

A

Genome

81
Q

Develop from one fertilized egg

A

Identical Twins

82
Q

Develop from two separate fertilized eggs

A

Fraternal Twins

83
Q

The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones

A

Heritability

84
Q

The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
Genetic tests can now reveal at-risk populations for many diseases

A

Molecular Genetics

85
Q

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

A

Evolutionary Psychology

86
Q

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

A

Natural Selection

87
Q

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

A

Mutation

88
Q

Drugs that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body

A

Stimulant

89
Q

A drug that lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to depress or reduce arousal or stimulation, in various areas of the brain

A

Depressant

90
Q

Drugs that distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

A

Hallucinogen

91
Q

Opioid-like substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including anesthesia

A

Opiate

Psychology (8 decks)

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