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Psychology > PSYCHOLOGY’S HISTORY AND APPROACHES REVIEW > Flashcards

PSYCHOLOGY’S HISTORY AND APPROACHES REVIEW Flashcards

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1
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Experiment to measure reaction time (1st lab experiment)/philosopher and physiologist

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2
Q

Edward Bradford Titchener

A

structuralism

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3
Q

William James

A

philosopher-psychologist who considered the evolved function of our thoughts and feelings and authored an important 1890 psychology text

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4
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Evolutionary theorist

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5
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

Pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association

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6
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First woman to receive a psychology Ph.D. and wrote The Animal Mind, which is about animal behavior research

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7
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

a Russian physiologist best known in psychology for his discovery of classical conditioning

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8
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Personality theorist and therapist whose controversial ideas have influenced humanity’s self-understanding

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9
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Piaget provided support for the idea that children think differently than adults and his research identified several important milestones in the mental development of children. His work also generated interest in cognitive and developmental psychology.

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10
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

Rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior

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11
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

Dorothea Dix played an instrumental role in the founding or expansion of more than 30 hospitals for the treatment of the mentally ill. She was a leading figure in those national and international movements that challenged the idea that people with mental disturbances could not be cured or helped.

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12
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

Established the first formal U.S. psychology laboratory

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13
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological (food and clothing), safety (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization.

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14
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Rogers believed that all people possess an inherent need to grow and achieve their potential.

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15
Q

John B. Watson

A

Championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby

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16
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of learning: sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage

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17
Q

Empiricism

A

knowledge originates in experience and science should rely on observation and experimentation

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18
Q

Structuralism

A

self-reflective introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind (explain what we hear, see, taste etc.)

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19
Q

Functionalist/Functionalism

A

early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function–how they enabled the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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20
Q

Experimental Psychology

A

study of behavior and thinking with experimental method

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21
Q

Behaviorists

A

people who believed psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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22
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

people who studied how current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential

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23
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

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24
Q

Psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

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25
Q

Nature v. Nurture

A

Are we who we are because of our genes or because of our environment?

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26
Q

Natural Selection

A

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change

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27
Q

Levels of Analysis

A

The various ways of observation in psychology, which are biological, cognitive, and sociocultural

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28
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

Biological influences, psychological influences, and social-cultural influences affect behavior or mental process

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29
Q

Biological Perspective

A

Links between biological and psychological processes
brain chemistry

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30
Q

Behavior-Genetics Perspective

A

Combined effects of environment and genes

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31
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

natural selection
survival of the fittest

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32
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Unconscious drives
Childhood trauma

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33
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

Observable behavior
Environmental effects

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34
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

Thinking, knowing, remembering
Processing storage, and retrieval of information

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35
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

Human potential, meaning of life, self-concept, and self-actualization

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36
Q

Social-Cultural Perspective

A

cultural context as an influence on behavior and mental processes

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37
Q

Psychometrics

A

Study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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38
Q

Basic Research

A

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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39
Q

Biological Psychologists

A

A branch of psychology that focuses on how the brain, neurons, and nervous system influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
basic research

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40
Q

Developmental Psychologists

A

Study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan
Basic Research

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41
Q

Cognitive Psychologists

A

The branch of psychology that focuses on internal mental states. It is centered on the science of how people think, learn, and remember
Basic Research

42
Q

Educational Psychologists

A

A study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
Basic Research

43
Q

Personality Psychologists

A

Study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Basic Research

44
Q

Social Psychologists

A

Study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Basic Research

45
Q

Applied Research

A

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

46
Q

Industrial-organizational Psychologists

A

The application of psychological concepts/methods to optimize human behavior in the workplace
Applied Research

47
Q

Human Factors Psychologists

A

The study of how people and machines interact resulting in the design of machines and environments
Applied Research

48
Q

Counseling Psychologists

A

Assist people with problems in living (often related to school, work, and marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
Applied Research

49
Q

Clinical Psychologists

A

The study, assessment and treatment of people with psychological disorders (psychotherapy)
Applied Research

50
Q

Psychiatrists

A

a medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness.

51
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

52
Q

Overconfidence

A

overestimate our knowledge and abilities

53
Q

Curiosity

A

a strong desire to know or learn something.

54
Q

Skepticism

A

Doubt of the truth of something

55
Q

Humility

A

An awareness of our own vulnerability to error and an openness to surprises and new perspectives

56
Q

Critical Thinking

A

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Instead, it examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

57
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events (researched and tested)

58
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory (educated guess)

59
Q

Operational Definition

A

a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables (needs to be measurable, manageable, and clear).

60
Q

Replication

A

Main goal of research. Allows for testing of hypotheses with other populations so results can be generalized

61
Q

Case Study

A

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

62
Q

Survey

A

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

63
Q

Wording Effects

A

Questions must be clear and unbiased

64
Q

Random Sampling

A

a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an equal probability of being chosen

65
Q

Population

A

is the complete set group of individuals, whether that group comprises a nation or a group of people with a common characteristic

66
Q

Random Sample

A

Must be representative of the population surveyed

67
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

68
Q

Correlation (Positive and Negative)

A

A statistical measure of relations indicating how one factor predicts another

69
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Reveals how closely two things vary together and thus how well either one predicts the other (direction and strength of relationship)

70
Q

Scatterplot

A

uses dots to represent individual pieces of data

71
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

The perception of a relationship where none exists

72
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable)

73
Q

Random Assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, so that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any group

74
Q

Double-blind Procedure

A

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or the placebo.

75
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectation alone, any effect on behavior caused by administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

76
Q

Experimental group

A

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

77
Q

Control group

A

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

78
Q

Independent Variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

79
Q

Confounding Variables

A

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

80
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

81
Q

Measures of Central

A

These give us information about the center of the scores in our distribution

82
Q

Tendency

A

an inclination toward a particular characteristic or type of behavior

83
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occurring number in a series

84
Q

Mean

A

The average of a series of numbers

85
Q

Median

A

The middle number when the series of numbers is arranged from highest to lowest number

86
Q

Measures of Variation

A

These give us information about the spread of the scores in our distribution-are they clustered together or spread out on the scale?

87
Q

Range

A

The measure of the absolute spread of the scores
The difference between the high and low scores in a distribution. Subtract the two numbers to find the range

88
Q

Standard Deviation

A

An estimate of the amount of dispersion around the mean.
The smaller the standard deviation, the more confident you can be that the mean is a good estimate of the group

89
Q

Normal Curve

A

normal curve
bell-shaped curve

90
Q

Skewed Curve

A

a distortion or asymmetry that deviates from the symmetrical bell curve, or normal distribution, in a set of data

91
Q

When is Observed Difference Reliable?

A

Less-variable observations are more reliable than those that are more variable

92
Q

When is a Difference Significant?

A

A result that’s not attributed to chance

93
Q

Statistical Significance

A

The results of a study are not due to chance
5% or less is acceptable

94
Q

Can laboratory experiments illuminate everyday life?

A

By intentionally creating a controlled, artificial environment in the lab, researchers aim to test theoretical principles. These general principles help explain everyday behaviors

95
Q

Does behavior depend on one’s culture and gender?

A

Even when specific attitudes and behaviors vary across cultures, as they often do, the underlying processes are much the same

96
Q

Culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

97
Q

Why do psychologists study animals, and is it ethical to experiment on animals?

A

Scientists study animals when there is no alternative and it is impractical or unethical to study humans

98
Q

Is it ethical to experiment on people?

A

We have a moral responsibility to protect research participants from harm

99
Q

Informed Consent

A

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

100
Q

Debrief

A

the post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

101
Q

Is psychology free of value judgments?

A

No. Psychology emerges from people who subscribe to a set of values and judgments that determine what will be studied, how it will be studied, and how the results will be interpreted.

Psychology (8 decks)

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