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Psychology > Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological (Hierarchy of Needs)-needs at a lower level dominate an individual’s motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence

A

Abraham Maslow

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2
Q

Stomach contraction theory, which states that we know we are hungry when our stomach contracts

A

A.L. Washburn

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3
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

Philip Bard

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4
Q

Cannon-Bard theory
Stomach contraction theory

A

Walter Cannon

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5
Q

Emotional expression is the same for the majority of cultures around the world
A smile is a smile around the world, anger is anger, same for the other basic emotions

A

Paul Ekman

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6
Q

functionalism, which sought causal relationships between internal states and external behaviors

A

William James

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7
Q

Theory about emotion that emotions are influenced by physiological reactions to stimuli

A

Carl Lange

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8
Q

Two Factor Theory of emotion with Jerome Singer

A

Stanley Schachter

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9
Q

the first scientist to identify ‘stress’ as underpinning the nonspecific signs and symptoms of illness

A

Hans Selye

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10
Q

Two Factor Theory of emotion with Stanley Schachter

A

Jerome Singer

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11
Q

The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way.

A

Motivation

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12
Q

An innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli

A

Instinct

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13
Q

Focus on internal states of tension (hunger) that motivates us to pursue actions that reduce the tension and bring us back to homeostasis

A

Drive-reduction Theory

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14
Q

The tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance

A

Homeostasis

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15
Q

Beyond primary motives (food, drink, and sex), secondary motives or external stimuli regulate and pull us towards a goal

A

Incentive Theory

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16
Q

people are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal
Optimal level varies from one person to another

A

Arousal Theory

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17
Q

Easy tasks need moderately high arousal
Difficult tasks need moderately low arousal
Average tasks need moderate level of arousal

A

Yerkes-Dodson Law

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18
Q

Biological (need to satisfy hunger/thirst)
Safety (need to feel world is organized/predictable)
Belonging (need to love and be loved)
Self esteem (need for achievement, competence, independence)
Self actualization (need to live up to our fullest potential)
Self Transcendence (need to find meaning beyond the self)

A

Hierarchy of Needs

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19
Q

Hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

A

Insulin

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20
Q

Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

A

Leptin

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21
Q

Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

A

Orexin

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22
Q

Hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain

A

Ghrelin

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23
Q

Hormone secreted by the stomach that sends a fullness signal that suppresses hunger

A

Obestatin

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24
Q

Digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signal to the brain

A

PYY

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25
Hunger center Stimulation of feeding behavior and arousal
Lateral Hypothalamus
26
Satiety center Causes the sensation of fullness
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
27
a soluble sugar, abundant in nature, that is a major source of energy for body tissues
Glucose
28
After a time, body will fight reduced calorie intake by sending signals and slowing down metabolism to attempt to bring you back to your normal set point
Set Point theory
29
the minimum energy expenditure required to maintain the vital functions of the body while awake but at rest and not expending energy for thermoregulation
Basal Metabolic Rate
30
Refusal to maintain normal body weight (less than 85%) Intense fear of weight gain and being fat; distorted body image; feel "fat" even when emaciated
Anorexia Nervosa
31
Uncontrollable eating binges followed by compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain
Bulimia Nervosa
32
Diagnosis in need of further study; associated with obesity and history of dieting; involves recurrent binges, loss of control during binge, and no loss of weight or purging; often accompanied by obesity
Binge-Eating Disorder
33
Initial Excitement/Arousal Plateau Orgasm Resolution
Sexual Response Cycle
34
resting period after orgasm which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
Refractory Period
35
any of a class of steroid hormones that are produced mainly by the ovaries and act as the principal female sex hormones
Estrogens
36
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
Testosterone
37
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
Sexual Orientation
38
Learned needs that energize behavior acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture
Social Motives
39
high need for achievement-moderately challenging tasks to satisfy the need
Need for achievement
40
need to be with others
Affiliation motives
41
for inherent joy morally right to develop a skill
Intrinsic motivation
42
For good grades For a reward To please others
Extrinsic motivation
43
promising a reward for doing something you already enjoy reduces enjoyment of activity (focus on reward)
Overjustification Effect
44
Opposing motives block us from attaining a goal
Social Conflicts
45
Two positive options only one of which we can have
Approach-Approach
46
Two negative options one of which we must choose
Avoidance-Avoidance
47
involves whether or not to choose an option that has both a positive and negative consequences
Approach-Avoidance
48
involves several alternative courses of action that have both positive and negative aspects
Multiple Approach-Avoidance
49
a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience
Emotion
50
conscious experience of emotion results from one's awareness of autonomic arousal. Your emotional reaction depends upon the physical reaction
James-Lange Theory
51
thalamus sends information to the limbic system and cerebral cortex simultaneously so that physical processes accompanies feeling the emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
52
Emotion is based on two factors - physiological arousal (1) and the cognitive labelling of that arousal (2) = emotion
Two-factor Theory
53
Emotions develop because of their adaptive value, allowing organism to avoid danger and survive (we know how we feel before we know what we think)
Evolutionary Theory
54
Our emotional experience depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in
Cognitive-Appraisal Theory
55
Following a strong emotion, an opposing emotion counter the first emotion lessening the experience of that emotion
Opponent-Process Theory
56
Cognition does not always come before emotion 1. Sensory input may be routed directly to the amygdala for instant emotional reaction 2. Sensory input routed directly to the sensory cortex for immediate analysis
Two-Track Brain
57
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes)
Polygraph
58
Facial expressions affect our emotions 1. Smile because one is happy 2. Smiling makes us happy
Facial Feedback
59
emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
Catharsis
60
people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Feel-good, Do-good phenomenon
61
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life
Well-being
62
our tendency to for judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Adaptation-level phenomenon
63
the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
Relative Deprivation
64
an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
Behavioral Medicine
65
a subfield of psychology that provide psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
Health Psychology
66
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Stress
67
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion
General Adaptation Syndrome
68
Sympathetic Nervous System activated (heart rate increases, respiration increases, blood pressure rises etc.)
Alarm Reaction
69
Heart rate, respiration, blood pressure remain high Adrenal glands pump hormones into bloodstream Time passes, no relief - body's reserve energy begins to decrease
Resistance
70
Vulnerable to illness In extreme cases, collapse and death
Exhaustion
71
1. Intense, competitive, impatient, time-conscious, super-motivated 2. Prone to heart disease, high blood pressure
Type A
72
Laid back Easy-going
Type B
73
"distressed" personalities suffer from a high degree of emotional distress, but they consciously suppress their feelings Also prone to heart disease
Type D
74
scientific study of optimal human functioning
Positive Psychology

Psychology (8 decks)

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