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Psychology > Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological (Hierarchy of Needs)-needs at a lower level dominate an individual’s motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence

A

Abraham Maslow

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2
Q

Stomach contraction theory, which states that we know we are hungry when our stomach contracts

A

A.L. Washburn

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3
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

Philip Bard

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4
Q

Cannon-Bard theory
Stomach contraction theory

A

Walter Cannon

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5
Q

Emotional expression is the same for the majority of cultures around the world
A smile is a smile around the world, anger is anger, same for the other basic emotions

A

Paul Ekman

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6
Q

functionalism, which sought causal relationships between internal states and external behaviors

A

William James

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7
Q

Theory about emotion that emotions are influenced by physiological reactions to stimuli

A

Carl Lange

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8
Q

Two Factor Theory of emotion with Jerome Singer

A

Stanley Schachter

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9
Q

the first scientist to identify ‘stress’ as underpinning the nonspecific signs and symptoms of illness

A

Hans Selye

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10
Q

Two Factor Theory of emotion with Stanley Schachter

A

Jerome Singer

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11
Q

The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way.

A

Motivation

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12
Q

An innate, typically fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli

A

Instinct

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13
Q

Focus on internal states of tension (hunger) that motivates us to pursue actions that reduce the tension and bring us back to homeostasis

A

Drive-reduction Theory

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14
Q

The tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance

A

Homeostasis

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15
Q

Beyond primary motives (food, drink, and sex), secondary motives or external stimuli regulate and pull us towards a goal

A

Incentive Theory

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16
Q

people are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal
Optimal level varies from one person to another

A

Arousal Theory

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17
Q

Easy tasks need moderately high arousal
Difficult tasks need moderately low arousal
Average tasks need moderate level of arousal

A

Yerkes-Dodson Law

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18
Q

Biological (need to satisfy hunger/thirst)
Safety (need to feel world is organized/predictable)
Belonging (need to love and be loved)
Self esteem (need for achievement, competence, independence)
Self actualization (need to live up to our fullest potential)
Self Transcendence (need to find meaning beyond the self)

A

Hierarchy of Needs

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19
Q

Hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

A

Insulin

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20
Q

Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

A

Leptin

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21
Q

Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

A

Orexin

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22
Q

Hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain

A

Ghrelin

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23
Q

Hormone secreted by the stomach that sends a fullness signal that suppresses hunger

A

Obestatin

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24
Q

Digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signal to the brain

A

PYY

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25
Q

Hunger center
Stimulation of feeding behavior and arousal

A

Lateral Hypothalamus

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26
Q

Satiety center
Causes the sensation of fullness

A

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

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27
Q

a soluble sugar, abundant in nature, that is a major source of energy for body tissues

A

Glucose

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28
Q

After a time, body will fight reduced calorie intake by sending signals and slowing down metabolism to attempt to bring you back to your normal set point

A

Set Point theory

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29
Q

the minimum energy expenditure required to maintain the vital functions of the body while awake but at rest and not expending energy for thermoregulation

A

Basal Metabolic Rate

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30
Q

Refusal to maintain normal body weight (less than 85%)
Intense fear of weight gain and being fat; distorted body image; feel “fat” even when emaciated

A

Anorexia Nervosa

31
Q

Uncontrollable eating binges followed by compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain

A

Bulimia Nervosa

32
Q

Diagnosis in need of further study; associated with obesity and history of dieting; involves recurrent binges, loss of control during binge, and no loss of weight or purging; often accompanied by obesity

A

Binge-Eating Disorder

33
Q

Initial Excitement/Arousal
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution

A

Sexual Response Cycle

34
Q

resting period after orgasm which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

A

Refractory Period

35
Q

any of a class of steroid hormones that are produced mainly by the ovaries and act as the principal female sex hormones

A

Estrogens

36
Q

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

A

Testosterone

37
Q

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

A

Sexual Orientation

38
Q

Learned needs that energize behavior acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture

A

Social Motives

39
Q

high need for achievement-moderately challenging tasks to satisfy the need

A

Need for achievement

40
Q

need to be with others

A

Affiliation motives

41
Q

for inherent joy
morally right
to develop a skill

A

Intrinsic motivation

42
Q

For good grades
For a reward
To please others

A

Extrinsic motivation

43
Q

promising a reward for doing something you already enjoy reduces enjoyment of activity (focus on reward)

A

Overjustification Effect

44
Q

Opposing motives block us from attaining a goal

A

Social Conflicts

45
Q

Two positive options only one of which we can have

A

Approach-Approach

46
Q

Two negative options one of which we must choose

A

Avoidance-Avoidance

47
Q

involves whether or not to choose an option that has both a positive and negative consequences

A

Approach-Avoidance

48
Q

involves several alternative courses of action that have both positive and negative aspects

A

Multiple Approach-Avoidance

49
Q

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

A

Emotion

50
Q

conscious experience of emotion results from one’s awareness of autonomic arousal. Your emotional reaction depends upon the physical reaction

A

James-Lange Theory

51
Q

thalamus sends information to the limbic system and cerebral cortex simultaneously so that physical processes accompanies feeling the emotion

A

Cannon-Bard Theory

52
Q

Emotion is based on two factors - physiological arousal (1) and the cognitive labelling of that arousal (2) = emotion

A

Two-factor Theory

53
Q

Emotions develop because of their adaptive value, allowing organism to avoid danger and survive (we know how we feel before we know what we think)

A

Evolutionary Theory

54
Q

Our emotional experience depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in

A

Cognitive-Appraisal Theory

55
Q

Following a strong emotion, an opposing emotion counter the first emotion lessening the experience of that emotion

A

Opponent-Process Theory

56
Q

Cognition does not always come before emotion

  1. Sensory input may be routed directly to the amygdala for instant emotional reaction
  2. Sensory input routed directly to the sensory cortex for immediate analysis
A

Two-Track Brain

57
Q

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes)

A

Polygraph

58
Q

Facial expressions affect our emotions
1. Smile because one is happy
2. Smiling makes us happy

A

Facial Feedback

59
Q

emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

A

Catharsis

60
Q

people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

A

Feel-good, Do-good phenomenon

61
Q

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life

A

Well-being

62
Q

our tendency to for judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

A

Adaptation-level phenomenon

63
Q

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

A

Relative Deprivation

64
Q

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

A

Behavioral Medicine

65
Q

a subfield of psychology that provide psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

A

Health Psychology

66
Q

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

A

Stress

67
Q

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

A

General Adaptation Syndrome

68
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System activated (heart rate increases, respiration increases, blood pressure rises etc.)

A

Alarm Reaction

69
Q

Heart rate, respiration, blood pressure remain high
Adrenal glands pump hormones into bloodstream
Time passes, no relief - body’s reserve energy begins to decrease

A

Resistance

70
Q

Vulnerable to illness
In extreme cases, collapse and death

A

Exhaustion

71
Q
  1. Intense, competitive, impatient, time-conscious, super-motivated
  2. Prone to heart disease, high blood pressure
A

Type A

72
Q

Laid back
Easy-going

A

Type B

73
Q

“distressed” personalities suffer from a high degree of emotional distress, but they consciously suppress their feelings
Also prone to heart disease

A

Type D

74
Q

scientific study of optimal human functioning

A

Positive Psychology

Psychology (8 decks)

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