Learning

Question 1

Experiment demonstrated that classical conditioning works in human beings. In this experiment, a previously unafraid baby was conditioned to become afraid of a rat

Answer 1

Little Albert

Question 2

Bobo Doll Experiment
Children displayed more aggressive behavior after watching the adult display aggressive behavior
Observational Learning

Answer 2

Albert Bandura

Question 3

Intrinsic Motivation vs Extrinsic Motivation
Overjustification
Self-determination theory
Found that children with a promised payoff played with the toys less than other unpaid children did later

Answer 3

Edward Deci

Question 4

challenged the idea that all associations can be learned equally well

Answer 4

John Garcia

Question 5

Dog, Food, Tuning Fork, Salivation, Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Study Learning objectively

Answer 5

Ivan Pavlov

Question 6

With Watson, showed that specific fears might be conditioned, by pairing a white rate with a frightening noise, which caused Little Albert to fear rats, and also generalized this fear to rabbits, dogs, and a sealskin coat

Answer 6

Rosalie Rayner

Question 7

With Wagner, showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event

Answer 7

Robert Rescorla

Question 8

Discovered mirror neurons

Answer 8

Giacomo Rizzolatti

Question 9

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Self-Determination Theory
Youth sports coaches should not just pressure players into winning but focus on the intrinsic joy of playing and of reaching one’s potential

Answer 9

Richard Ryan

Question 10

Theory of learned helplessness

Answer 10

Martin Seligman

Question 11

You can teach individuals anything by providing rewards when desired behavior is displayed
Operant Conditioning

Answer 11

B. F. Skinner

Question 12

Law of Effect
Operant Conditioning

Answer 12

Edward Throwndike

Question 13

Latent Learning
Experiment where rats that were exploring a maze and given no obvious rewards seem to develop a cognitive map and it was not demonstrated until the experimenter places food in the maze’s goal box

Answer 13

Edward Chase Tolman

Question 14

With Rescorla, showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event

Answer 14

Allan Wagner

Question 15

With Rayner, showed that specific fears might be conditioned, by pairing a white rate with a frightening noise, which caused Little Albert to fear rats, and also generalized this fear to rabbits, dogs, and a sealskin coat

Answer 15

John Watson

Question 16

Relatively permanent change in organism’s behavior/knowledge due to experience

Answer 16

Learning

Question 17

Tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information

Answer 17

Habituation

Question 18

Learning that current events occur together or are related

Answer 18

Associative Learning

Question 19

Learned association between stimuli
Learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus

Answer 19

Classical Conditioning

Question 20

a theory of learning which states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning

Answer 20

Behaviorism

Question 21

The automatic response to the Unconditioned Stimulus (unlearned)

Answer 21

Unconditioned Response

Question 22

A stimulus that triggers a response automatically and reflexively (unlearned)

Answer 22

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 23

The response to the conditioned stimulus (learned)

Answer 23

Conditioned Response

Question 24

A previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, has gained the power to cause a conditioned response

Answer 24

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 25

The process of developing a learned response

Answer 25

Acquisition

Question 26

The conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second conditioned stimulus

Answer 26

Higher-order Conditioning

Question 27

The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response. Involves repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without pairing it with the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 27

Extinction

Question 28

Occurs when a previously extinguished conditioned response suddenly reappears after a period of no training

Answer 28

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 29

A conditioned response occurs to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 29

Generalization

Question 30

Occurs when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus do not produce a conditioned response

Answer 30

Discrimination

Question 31

a state that occurs after a person has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly. They come to believe that they are unable to control or change the situation, so they do not try — even when opportunities for change become available.

Answer 31

Learned Helplessness

Question 32

behavior that is evoked by a specific stimulus and that will consistently and predictably occur if the stimulus is presented

Answer 32

Respondent Behavior

Question 33

Learned associations between actions and consequences Type of learning in which frequency of behavior depends on consequence that follow behavior

Answer 33

Operant Conditioning

Question 34

Behavior that operates on environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli

Answer 34

Operant Behavior

Question 35

Behaviors with less favorable consequences occur less frequently Behaviors followed by favorable consequences occur more frequently

Answer 35

Law of Effect

Question 36

an apparatus for the laboratory study of operant behavior. It typically consists of a small enclosure and is equipped so that all stimuli are presented, and all responses are detected and recorded, automatically

Answer 36

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

Question 37

A technique whereby successive approximations of a behavior are reinforced

Answer 37

Shaping

Question 38

a stimulus (such as a reward or the removal of an electric shock) that increases the probability of a desired response in operant conditioning by being applied or effected following the desired response

Answer 38

Reinforcer

Question 39

Occurs when a desired stimulus follows a behavior

Answer 39

Positive Reinforcement

Question 40

Occurs when an undesired stimulus is prevented or eliminated following a behavior

Answer 40

Negative Reinforcement

Question 41

Unlearned and innately satisfying reinforcers

Answer 41

Primary Reinforcer

Question 42

Reinforcers with learned associations with primary reinforcers

Answer 42

Conditioned Reinforcer (Secondary)

Question 43

Every behavior is rewarded (behavior extinguishes easily)

Answer 43

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 44

Reward is given only part of the time the behavior is displayed

Answer 44

Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement

Question 45

Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses (you know how many responses must be made)

Answer 45

Fixed-ratio Schedule

Question 46

Reinforcement after varying number of responses

Answer 46

Variable-ratio Schedule

Question 47

Reinforcement of first response after a fixed amount of time has passed (you know how much time)

Answer 47

Fixed-interval Schedule

Question 48

Reinforcement of first response after varying amounts of time

Answer 48

Variable-interval Schedule

Question 49

Occurs when an undesired stimulus follows a behavior

Answer 49

Punishment

Question 50

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

Answer 50

Cognitive Map

Question 51

Learning that becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 51

Latent Learning

Question 52

Problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of perception Sudden awareness of the solution to a problem

Answer 52

Insight Learning

Question 53

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Answer 53

Intrinsic Motivation

Question 54

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Answer 54

Extrinsic Motivation

Question 55

a process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance

Answer 55

Biofeedback

Question 56

Learning that takes place by watching another individual model that learning

Answer 56

Observational Learning

Question 57

a technique used in cognitive behavior therapy and behavior therapy in which learning occurs through observation and imitation alone, without comment or reinforcement by the therapist

Answer 57

Modeling

Question 58

Fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

Answer 58

Mirror Neurons

Question 59

behavior through which people benefit others including helping, cooperating, comforting, sharing, and donating

Answer 59

Prosocial Behavior