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1
Q

Experiment demonstrated that classical conditioning works in human beings. In this experiment, a previously unafraid baby was conditioned to become afraid of a rat

A

Little Albert

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2
Q

Bobo Doll Experiment
Children displayed more aggressive behavior after watching the adult display aggressive behavior
Observational Learning

A

Albert Bandura

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3
Q

Intrinsic Motivation vs Extrinsic Motivation
Overjustification
Self-determination theory
Found that children with a promised payoff played with the toys less than other unpaid children did later

A

Edward Deci

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4
Q

challenged the idea that all associations can be learned equally well

A

John Garcia

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5
Q

Dog, Food, Tuning Fork, Salivation, Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Study Learning objectively

A

Ivan Pavlov

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6
Q

With Watson, showed that specific fears might be conditioned, by pairing a white rate with a frightening noise, which caused Little Albert to fear rats, and also generalized this fear to rabbits, dogs, and a sealskin coat

A

Rosalie Rayner

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7
Q

With Wagner, showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event

A

Robert Rescorla

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8
Q

Discovered mirror neurons

A

Giacomo Rizzolatti

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9
Q

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Self-Determination Theory
Youth sports coaches should not just pressure players into winning but focus on the intrinsic joy of playing and of reaching one’s potential

A

Richard Ryan

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10
Q

Theory of learned helplessness

A

Martin Seligman

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11
Q

You can teach individuals anything by providing rewards when desired behavior is displayed
Operant Conditioning

A

B. F. Skinner

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12
Q

Law of Effect
Operant Conditioning

A

Edward Throwndike

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13
Q

Latent Learning
Experiment where rats that were exploring a maze and given no obvious rewards seem to develop a cognitive map and it was not demonstrated until the experimenter places food in the maze’s goal box

A

Edward Chase Tolman

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14
Q

With Rescorla, showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event

A

Allan Wagner

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15
Q

With Rayner, showed that specific fears might be conditioned, by pairing a white rate with a frightening noise, which caused Little Albert to fear rats, and also generalized this fear to rabbits, dogs, and a sealskin coat

A

John Watson

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16
Q

Relatively permanent change in organism’s behavior/knowledge due to experience

A

Learning

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17
Q

Tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information

A

Habituation

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18
Q

Learning that current events occur together or are related

A

Associative Learning

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19
Q

Learned association between stimuli
Learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus

A

Classical Conditioning

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20
Q

a theory of learning which states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning

A

Behaviorism

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21
Q

The automatic response to the Unconditioned Stimulus (unlearned)

A

Unconditioned Response

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22
Q

A stimulus that triggers a response automatically and reflexively (unlearned)

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

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23
Q

The response to the conditioned stimulus (learned)

A

Conditioned Response

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24
Q

A previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, has gained the power to cause a conditioned response

A

Conditioned Stimulus

25
Q

The process of developing a learned response

A

Acquisition

26
Q

The conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second conditioned stimulus

A

Higher-order Conditioning

27
Q

The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response. Involves repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without pairing it with the unconditioned stimulus

A

Extinction

28
Q

Occurs when a previously extinguished conditioned response suddenly reappears after a period of no training

A

Spontaneous Recovery

29
Q

A conditioned response occurs to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

A

Generalization

30
Q

Occurs when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus do not produce a conditioned response

A

Discrimination

31
Q

a state that occurs after a person has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly. They come to believe that they are unable to control or change the situation, so they do not try — even when opportunities for change become available.

A

Learned Helplessness

32
Q

behavior that is evoked by a specific stimulus and that will consistently and predictably occur if the stimulus is presented

A

Respondent Behavior

33
Q

Learned associations between actions and consequences
Type of learning in which frequency of behavior depends on consequence that follow behavior

A

Operant Conditioning

34
Q

Behavior that operates on environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli

A

Operant Behavior

35
Q

Behaviors with less favorable consequences occur less frequently
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences occur more frequently

A

Law of Effect

36
Q

an apparatus for the laboratory study of operant behavior. It typically consists of a small enclosure and is equipped so that all stimuli are presented, and all responses are detected and recorded, automatically

A

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

37
Q

A technique whereby successive approximations of a behavior are reinforced

A

Shaping

38
Q

a stimulus (such as a reward or the removal of an electric shock) that increases the probability of a desired response in operant conditioning by being applied or effected following the desired response

A

Reinforcer

39
Q

Occurs when a desired stimulus follows a behavior

A

Positive Reinforcement

40
Q

Occurs when an undesired stimulus is prevented or eliminated following a behavior

A

Negative Reinforcement

41
Q

Unlearned and innately satisfying reinforcers

A

Primary Reinforcer

42
Q

Reinforcers with learned associations with primary reinforcers

A

Conditioned Reinforcer (Secondary)

43
Q

Every behavior is rewarded (behavior extinguishes easily)

A

Continuous Reinforcement

44
Q

Reward is given only part of the time the behavior is displayed

A

Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement

45
Q

Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses (you know how many responses must be made)

A

Fixed-ratio Schedule

46
Q

Reinforcement after varying number of responses

A

Variable-ratio Schedule

47
Q

Reinforcement of first response after a fixed amount of time has passed (you know how much time)

A

Fixed-interval Schedule

48
Q

Reinforcement of first response after varying amounts of time

A

Variable-interval Schedule

49
Q

Occurs when an undesired stimulus follows a behavior

A

Punishment

50
Q

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

A

Cognitive Map

51
Q

Learning that becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it

A

Latent Learning

52
Q

Problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of perception
Sudden awareness of the solution to a problem

A

Insight Learning

53
Q

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

A

Intrinsic Motivation

54
Q

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

A

Extrinsic Motivation

55
Q

a process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance

A

Biofeedback

56
Q

Learning that takes place by watching another individual model that learning

A

Observational Learning

57
Q

a technique used in cognitive behavior therapy and behavior therapy in which learning occurs through observation and imitation alone, without comment or reinforcement by the therapist

A

Modeling

58
Q

Fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

A

Mirror Neurons

59
Q

behavior through which people benefit others including helping, cooperating, comforting, sharing, and donating

A

Prosocial Behavior

Psychology (8 decks)

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