sensation and perception Flashcards
synesthesia

To perceive together is my new experience one of your senses through another cents for one type of simulation evokes the sensation of another
Sensation detection
Our senses collect information from the environment and convert it to a Nuro sign that can travel to the brain
Transduction
The transformation of stimulus energy to electro chemical energy of neural impulses
Perception
Organizing and interpreting sensory information
Bottom up processing
sensation to the brain to the perception
Entry level sensation requires no prior knowledge or work
Top down processing
From perception starting with larger objects before working towards detailed information
Perceptual sad
Construction perceptions based on experience and expectations which is predisposition to perceive things in a certain way
Psycho physics
Study of how the physical characteristics of stimuli relate to our physiological experience
weber and fechner 
Absolute threshold
Minimum stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time
Signal detection theory
no absolute threshold detection depends partly on a persons experience expectations motivation and level fatigue
Subliminal
when stimulus are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Difference threshold
The amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable at least half the time
Webers law
The principle that to be perceived as different to stimuli must differ by constant minimum percentage
Sensory adaptation
reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it
Selective attention
Are conscious awareness on a particular stimulus by simultaneously suppressing irrelevant or distracting information
Divided attention
Occurs when mental focus is on multiple tasks or ideas at once
intentional blindness
when I focused is directed at one stimulus leaving us blind to other stimulus
Change blindness
The Tennessee people have to miss changes in their immediate visual environment
Cocktail party effect
ability to focus on a particular sound low partial filtering out other sounds
Vision
The dominant sense
Cornea
helps focus light for clarity
pupil 
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye
Iris
Muscle tissue that forms the color portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
fovea 
Center of right now compromised of cones that see color and clarity
Photo receptors
Convert light into electro chemical neural impulses
Cones
Concentrated in the center of retina color and clarity
Rods
Black and white with night vision motion detection and peripheral vision
Bipolar cells
Located between photo receptor cells and ganglion cells work to transfer visual information
Ganglion cells
Converge to form the optic nerve sending information to the
Optic nerve
The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain visual information is sent to the occipital lobe at the back of the brain for processing
Blindspot
The point at which the optic nerve leaves that I creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there
eyes have rapid movement from side to side to help fill in missing information created by the Blindspot
young-helmholtz trichromatic theory
There are three receptors in the retina responsible for the perception of color
Color deficient vision
Simply like functioning red or green sensitive cones or both
Opponent process theory
retinal processes only occur in three sets of opponents
Red/green
Black/white
Blue/yellow
Cells can only detect the presence of one color at a time because the two colors oppose one another
After image
Describes a continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus
Feature detectors
In the visual cortex specialize in around to detect one feature responding to shapes angles lines and movement in a field of vision
Parallel processing
The ability of the brain to do many things at once for visual processing, emotion shape and death are processed simultaneously
Audition
The biological process of her ears processing sound waves
Sound waves
vibrations of molecules the travel through the air
amplitude 
Height of the sound waves
Frequency
Number of wavelength and a unit of time
Pitch
Shorter wavelength equals high frequency equals higher pitch
Pinna
The outer ear the visual part of the year directs waves into ear canal
tympanic membrane
the ear drum, sound waves make the eardrum vibrate
Middle ear
sound waves travel to vibrate the bones which are the hammer stirrup an anvil
bones concentrate the vibrations of eardrum on the cochleas oval window
Cochlea
A coil fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
on top of the membrane or hair cells the bottom is the Besley Lee membrane and together they make nerve impulses and get sent to the auditory nerve
Place theory
The hair cells on the basilar membrane of the cochlea or each tuned to activate at a specific frequency
Frequency theory
we’re here pitch based on how fast the hair cells vibrate
rate of impulses and auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone
Locating sound
Sound waves one here sooner and more intensely than the other from this information our brain computes sounds location
Conduction hear loss
caused by damage to mechanical system that conduct sound waves to the cochlea
Blockage swelling and fluid anything that restrict movement
Sensory neural hearing loss
occurs when the inner ear cochlear auditory nerve is not functioning hearing aids are in effective once damage they are dead and cannot be fixed
Cochlear implant
Advice for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
The McGurk affect
Perceptual losing when the visual perception of sound as part of the auditory information of a different sound
Visual capture
when vision competes with other senses vision usually wins
Taste
Chemical compounds are taste buds
five types of flavor receptor cells are sweet salty sour better and savory
Gustary transduction to the temporal lobe
Smell
Chemical molecules breathe in through the nose smell receptors lie on top of nasal passage neural signals sent from olfactory bulb to the temporal lobe’s in the limbic system or smells can trigger memories and emotions
somesthetic senses 
The senses of the skin allows to feel light touch pressure pain cold and warmth
inside the skin many cells that sense pressure skin is the largest organ and sent to the thalamus
Sensory interaction
when one sense influences our experience of another 
Pain
The bodies warning sign that something isn’t right combine with bottom up and top down processes
Gate control theory of pain
There is a gate in the spinal cord that switch his pain on and off the more neurons the more pain
Phantom limb sensations
Seven and 10 amputees feel pain and removed or nonexistent loves
Kinethesis 
The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts there are sensors in your joints tendons bones and ears as well as skin sensors
Vestibular sense
sense of body position movement and balance or equilibrium based on the movement of fluid start in the vestibular sacks of the inner ear hair like receptor cells detect movement of this fluid
gestalt psychologist
emphasize the brains tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful holes
and perception the whole may exceed the sum of its parts our brain is more than register information about the world
Figure ground pattern
Organization of vision into objects that stand out from the surroundings
Grouping
The tendency to organize similar in groups in order to process the complexity of the world
Depth perception
The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions and judge the distance of objects
Achieved in the brain processes different pictures from each eye and combine some to form a single 30 image
Binocular cues
Those that require the use of both eyes and order focused to perceive death or
Retinal disparity
The difference between the visual images that each I received because of the different angles in which each eye veiws the world
Convergence
Our eyes move together to focus on an object that is close and they move farther apart for a distance object
Monocular cues
Clues that can be used for depth perception that involve using only one I
Linear perspective
Parallel lines up here at chicken verge of the vanishing point on the horizon
interposition
When one object overlaps another the object that is partially obscured is perceived as being farther away
Relative size
If two objects are roughly the same size the farther away object will appear smaller even though the objects are still the same size
Relative height
we perceive objects higher in our visual field as being for the way and those that are close up your lower
Relative clarity
We perceive hazy objects is farther away than sharp clear objects
Light and shadow
Objects that are darken up here in May if your father off in the distance and those that are brightly lit
Texture gradient
Method of determining deaths by noting the distance objects have a smoother texture than nearby objects
Relative motion
as you’re moving objects that are closer seem to zoom by faster than object in the distance
Perceptual constancy
The tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having constant shape size and brightness is about the stimulus changes that occur
Light constancy
We perceive an object is having a concert lightness even while it’s illumination fairies
Shabe constancy
familiar objects maintain their known shape in our perception regardless of the changes in viewing angles
Parapsychology
The study of paranormal phenomenon including ESP and psycho kinesis
Color constancy
Intensive objects to be the same color even under changing illumination
Perceptual phenomenon
The result of my mechanisms in the eye in the brain
