biological bases of behavior Flashcards
Hemispheres
The brain has two hemispheres the left controls the right side of the body and the right controls the left
lateralization
there is some evidence that each hemisphere has its own focus and functions
Corpus callosum
bundle of nerves fibers that connects the two hemispheres, messages move from one side to the other
left hemisphere
specializes in language, speech, handwriting, calculation, analysis
Right hemisphere
specializes in processing, perception, visualization recognition of patterns faces and emotions
cerebral cortex
outer layer frying the folding and wrinkling allows for more surface area to fit into the skull
distinctly human traits language and human consciousness
lobes
areas of cerebral cortex, each with a specialty
Frontal lobe
areas of the cortex located in the front associated with reasoning motor skills higher level cognition and expressive language
Prefrontal cortex
linked with planning complex cognitive behavior and personality expression decision-making and moderating social behavior
Motor cortex
receives information from various levels of the brain and uses info to make Friday movement
Broca’s area
Located in the lower portion of the left frontal lobe controls motor functions involved with speech production
Parietal lobes
located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing centers for sensory signal such as touch pressure temperature in pain
somatosensory cortex
received in process is sensory information from the entire body
occipital lobes
located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere with visual centers
Visual association cortex
recognizes lines angle shape shadows and movement
Temporal lobe
located just behind the temples responsible for sense of hearing and meaningful speech in long-term memory
Auditory cortex
received information from the ears
Wernicke’s area
located in the tempura lobe on the left side of the brain and is responsible for the comprehension of speech
Brain stem
most primitive part of the brain base of the brain connected to spinal cord
Controls messages from brain to body
Controls basic functions like breathing swallowing heart rate blood pressure consciousness
medulla
located at the top of the spinal cord controls life-sustaining and automatic functions such as heart rate breathing and blood pressure
Pons
connects the top of the brain to the bottom the bridge between the cerebral hemispheres and both medulla and the cerebellum
helps coordinate movement and connects with reticular formation
Reticular formation
network of nerves that carry messages between parts of the brain stem they help regulate arousal and sleep cycles
cerebellum
how to control posture balance and coordination of voluntary movements
thalamus 
processes in transit and sensory information is considered the sensory relay station of the brain passing information onto the cerebral cortex everything but smell
Limbic system
network of structures that are located beneath the cerebral cortex they control emotions basic drives in the formation of episodic memories
Hypothalamus
K’NEX with many other regions of the brain controls hunger thirst body temp regulation and sex drive releases hormones through the pituitary gland
Hippocampus
plays a critical role in the formation and organization and storage i’ve new memories as well as connecting certain sensations and emotions to these memories
amygdala
really involved in processing emotion and survival responses becomes active during threatening situations and influences aggression and fear
Neuroscience
The scientific study of the activities and links between human behavior and brain activity
Brain autopsy
examination of brain tissue after death is currently the only definitive way to diagnose specific specific Nuro degenerative disorder of an individual
lesionong studies
humans with brain lesions are often the subjects of research with the goal of establishing the function of the area where the lesion occurred
Pre-frontal lobotomy
operation that disconnects the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain
Hemisphere ectomy
Brain surgery used to treat behavioral disorder the removal of one hemisphere of the brain
Deep brain stimulation
newer and less invasive method of altering the brain to illuminate behavioral symptoms
Surgeon creates an opening in the school then carefully insert an electro through the opening to stimulate a specific area
Transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS
noninvasive technique that alters brain activity
an electromagnetic want to alter brain processes
Brain scanning
not used to treat disorders rather they provide information about the structure of the brain or the activity of the brain
x-ray
primarily shows bone and salad structures in broken skull
EEG
Measures electrical activity across brain surface
CT or cat
Multiple actions combine to make 3-D image
MRI
uses radio waves and magnetic fields to produce images of rain structure has a better resolution than CAT scan
MEG
used to measure magnetic fields produced by electrical activity
Functional MRI
measuring brain activity it reveals blood flow using successive MRI images
Pet scan
uses trace amounts of short-lived radioactive material to Map functional processes in the brain
researchers use pet scans to measure the total amount of energy that the brain uses during activity
Neuroplasticity
The ability to constantly change out the structure and function of many cells in the brain in response to experience and trauma
Functional plasticity
The brains ability to move functions from a damaged area of the brain to other undamaged area
Structural plasticity
The reins ability to actually change his physical structure as a result of learning
Split brain
The hemispheres of the brain communicate excessively through the corpus callosum when the hemispheres can’t communicate each side of the brain seems to act independently or split without awareness of each other
The nervous system
What is munication network and allows organisms to sense organized and react information in the environment
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord which is the body‘s main control center
largest part of the nervous system the spinal cord is info highway connecting peripheral system to brain
Peripheral nervous system
The sensory nerves outside the brain spinal cord that connects the CNS to the rest of the body
Motor pathway
signals from the brain to muscles and glands
Sensory pathway
Signals from sensory receptors to the brain
Somatic nervous system
Transmit signals to the skeletal muscles to allow voluntary movement
Sensory neurons or afferent neurons
Carry incoming information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system
Motor neurons or efferent neurons
Carrie outgoing information from CNS to mussels and glands
Interneurons
neurons within the brain and the spinal cord to communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor output
Reflex arc
Signal is sent from a sensory organ to the spinal cord which processes information instead of passing it to the brain
Automatic nervous system
regulate involuntary and unconscious actions such as breathing blood pumping through veins digestion heartbeat work of other internal organs
Sympathetic nervous system
emergency response system if some thing alarms in rages or challenges you it’s your flight flight or freeze
Parasympathetic nervous system
functions to come the person rest and digest
Neuron
specialize shell in the nervous system that receives and send messages with electro chemical signals
Chemical stimulate the neuron which create electricity then releases chemicals
Glial cells
cells that provide physical support for the neurons to grow on and around they surround the neuron get nutrients to clean up remains of dead and provide insulation
Dendrites
part of the neuron that branch like extensions that receive electrical messages from other cells
Soma
The cell body of the neuron
axon
fiber that extends from the cell body to the terminal endings it’s job is to carry the messages to other cells 
myelin sheath 
layer of fatty substance produced by glial cells insulating the axon and speeding up the neural message 
Axon terminal’s
Tips at the end of the axon, send signal to other neurons
Synapse
meeting point between neurons at the end of the terminal button is a gap 
Synaptic vesicles
Store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse
Synaptic cleft or gap
less than a millionth of an inch wide
Receptor sites
Receives signals receptor sites are the lock with a neurotransmitter molecules fit into
Neurotransmitter
Chemicals that carry messages from one neuron to another
Nodes of Ranvier
Space between my lunch is on the accent of a dinner on increases the speed of nerve impulse
Neural transmission
process by which information travels through a neuron each neuron receives an impulse and passes it to the next neuron
Electro chemical
chemicals closet electrical signal electrical part happens inside and around and chemical part at synapse
Resting potential
Exxon on exterior is positive ions and sodium axon interior is negative ions minus potassium
Action potential
Firing triggers a wave and domino effect of depolarization down the axon
Selectively permeable membrane
The cell membrane of the neuron allow certain ions to Pass through
Action potential
neuron sent information down an axon away from the cell body if stimulation is not strong enough neuron doesn’t fire
Reuptake
After the Nero transmitter stimulate the receptors on the receiving there on the remaining chemicals are taken back up in to the sending neuron to be used again
Threshold
level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulses
All are none principle
Running around fires it is at full strength or not at all strength of action potential is constant
Refractory period
period of time during which cells in capable of repeating an action potential occurs only after an action potential and then last 1 ms
Excitatory neurotransmitter’s
they excite meaning they connect neurons and caused them to fire more action potential‘s are triggered
Inhibitory neurotransmitter’s
Inhibit or prevent the next neurons from firing
acetylcholine
function is memory and movement
surplus create severe muscle spasms
deficit creates dementia or paralysis
excitatory first neurotransmitter discovered
Seretonin
function is mood happiness and sleep
surplus creates hallucinations
deficit creates depression anxiety suicide or OCD
inhibitory and is a popular drug treatment for depression and anxiety
Dopamine
function is a pleasure chemical
surplus creates schizophrenia and drug addiction
deficit creates depression muscular rigidity and tremors
inhibitory
Nor epinephrine
function is fight or flight
surplus is anxiety
deficit is depression and mental disorders
excitatory and contracts blood vessels to increase blood flow
GABA
function is calming
surplus is overly relaxed sedated and normal actions are impaired
deficit is anxiety seizures tremors and insomnia
inhibitory increases sleepiness decrease his anxiety alertness and muscle tension
Glutamate
function is memory
surplus is overstimulation of brain
Excitatory and most common neurotransmitter in the brain
Endorphins
function is pain relief and stress relief
surplus is lack of adequate warning about pain
deficit is experiencing pain
inhibitory and creates euphoria feeling
Agonist
mimic excitatory neurotransmitter‘s such as opiates
Antagonist
mimics inhibitory neurotransmitters such as venom or antipsychotics
Endocrine system
consist of grams at secrete hormones into your blood stream travel to target organs to bind with specific receptors
Hormones
Produced an endocrine glands and secreted into bloodstream much slower to take affect tend to last longer some are chemically identical to neurotransmitters
Pituitary gland
psi structure located in the core of the brain controlled by the hypothalamus
regulate stress growth and reproduction
thyroid gland
secretes hormones that regulate metabolism and appetite
pineal gland
secrete a hormone called melatonin which regulate sleep and bodily rhythm‘s
Adrenal glands
Two you land on top of each kidney involved with stress response releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
Gonads
sex friends including ovaries ovaries and testes they regulate sexual hormones behavior and sex characteristics
Oxytocin
Powerful hormone that axes in our transmitter it regulates social interaction and sexual reproduction
Epinephrine
hormone produced In Trussville or exciting situations is a physical boost and heightened awareness
Cortisol
main stress hormone it’s important that the bodies relaxation response is activated after cortisol to return body to calmed state
Nature
All of the jeans in heredity factors that influence who we are
Nurture
Refers to environmental influences such as childhood how we were raised social relationships and surrounding and culture
Biological psychology
Stresses the importance of genetics the perspective has grown as technology has advanced
Strength of biological psychology
very scientific and reliable it was brought useful treatments for psychological disorders
Weakness of biological psychology
Fails to account for other influences on behavior
Heredity
Some of all biological processes were particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring
genes
Functional unit of heredity they make up the bodies blueprint or 24,000 jeans most are universal small percentage are different
Epigenetic’s
Study of her edible changes in gene expression the study of changes and Jean expression from nongenetic causes
Sensitive period
for some behaviors or physical characteristics a particular environment is important at a particular time in life for the genetic information to be expressed
Mono zygotic twins
results from the single fertilized egg let’s splits in two 
Dizygotic twins
Develop from two zygotes and share 50% of their DNA
heritability 
The extent to which differences in the appearance of a trait across several people can be accounted for by differences in their genes 
Evolutionary psychology
Study of how useful psychological treats for Natalie selected to aid in the survival of the species
Strength of evolutionary psychology
Explanatory power it’s a simple idea explaining lots of human behaviors
Weakness of evolutionary psychology
Not scientifically testable
Charles Darwin theory of natural selection
heretible Characteristics that provide a survival a reproductive advantage or more likely an alternative characteristics to be passed onto subsequent generation and must be selected overtime
Psychological adaptations
development or change of a mechanism in the mind very wide ranging such as food preferences habitat me and fears
