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biological bases of behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Hemispheres

A

The brain has two hemispheres the left controls the right side of the body and the right controls the left

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2
Q

lateralization

A

there is some evidence that each hemisphere has its own focus and functions

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3
Q

Corpus callosum

A

bundle of nerves fibers that connects the two hemispheres, messages move from one side to the other

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4
Q

left hemisphere

A

specializes in language, speech, handwriting, calculation, analysis

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5
Q

Right hemisphere

A

specializes in processing, perception, visualization recognition of patterns faces and emotions

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6
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer layer frying the folding and wrinkling allows for more surface area to fit into the skull
distinctly human traits language and human consciousness

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7
Q

lobes

A

areas of cerebral cortex, each with a specialty

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8
Q

Frontal lobe

A

areas of the cortex located in the front associated with reasoning motor skills higher level cognition and expressive language

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9
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

linked with planning complex cognitive behavior and personality expression decision-making and moderating social behavior

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10
Q

Motor cortex

A

receives information from various levels of the brain and uses info to make Friday movement

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11
Q

Broca’s area

A

Located in the lower portion of the left frontal lobe controls motor functions involved with speech production

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12
Q

Parietal lobes

A

located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing centers for sensory signal such as touch pressure temperature in pain

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13
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

received in process is sensory information from the entire body

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14
Q

occipital lobes

A

located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere with visual centers

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15
Q

Visual association cortex

A

recognizes lines angle shape shadows and movement

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16
Q

Temporal lobe

A

located just behind the temples responsible for sense of hearing and meaningful speech in long-term memory

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17
Q

Auditory cortex

A

received information from the ears

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18
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

located in the tempura lobe on the left side of the brain and is responsible for the comprehension of speech

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19
Q

Brain stem

A

most primitive part of the brain base of the brain connected to spinal cord

Controls messages from brain to body
Controls basic functions like breathing swallowing heart rate blood pressure consciousness

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20
Q

medulla

A

located at the top of the spinal cord controls life-sustaining and automatic functions such as heart rate breathing and blood pressure

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21
Q

Pons

A

connects the top of the brain to the bottom the bridge between the cerebral hemispheres and both medulla and the cerebellum

helps coordinate movement and connects with reticular formation

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22
Q

Reticular formation

A

network of nerves that carry messages between parts of the brain stem they help regulate arousal and sleep cycles

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23
Q

cerebellum

A

how to control posture balance and coordination of voluntary movements

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24
Q

thalamus 

A

processes in transit and sensory information is considered the sensory relay station of the brain passing information onto the cerebral cortex everything but smell

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25
Q

Limbic system

A

network of structures that are located beneath the cerebral cortex they control emotions basic drives in the formation of episodic memories

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26
Q

Hypothalamus

A

K’NEX with many other regions of the brain controls hunger thirst body temp regulation and sex drive releases hormones through the pituitary gland

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27
Q

Hippocampus

A

plays a critical role in the formation and organization and storage i’ve new memories as well as connecting certain sensations and emotions to these memories

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28
Q

amygdala

A

really involved in processing emotion and survival responses becomes active during threatening situations and influences aggression and fear

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29
Q

Neuroscience

A

The scientific study of the activities and links between human behavior and brain activity

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30
Q

Brain autopsy

A

examination of brain tissue after death is currently the only definitive way to diagnose specific specific Nuro degenerative disorder of an individual

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31
Q

lesionong studies

A

humans with brain lesions are often the subjects of research with the goal of establishing the function of the area where the lesion occurred

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32
Q

Pre-frontal lobotomy

A

operation that disconnects the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain

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33
Q

Hemisphere ectomy

A

Brain surgery used to treat behavioral disorder the removal of one hemisphere of the brain

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34
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

newer and less invasive method of altering the brain to illuminate behavioral symptoms
Surgeon creates an opening in the school then carefully insert an electro through the opening to stimulate a specific area

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35
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS

A

noninvasive technique that alters brain activity

an electromagnetic want to alter brain processes

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36
Q

Brain scanning

A

not used to treat disorders rather they provide information about the structure of the brain or the activity of the brain

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37
Q

x-ray

A

primarily shows bone and salad structures in broken skull

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38
Q

EEG

A

Measures electrical activity across brain surface

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39
Q

CT or cat

A

Multiple actions combine to make 3-D image

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40
Q

MRI

A

uses radio waves and magnetic fields to produce images of rain structure has a better resolution than CAT scan

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41
Q

MEG

A

used to measure magnetic fields produced by electrical activity

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42
Q

Functional MRI

A

measuring brain activity it reveals blood flow using successive MRI images

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43
Q

Pet scan

A

uses trace amounts of short-lived radioactive material to Map functional processes in the brain
researchers use pet scans to measure the total amount of energy that the brain uses during activity

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44
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability to constantly change out the structure and function of many cells in the brain in response to experience and trauma

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45
Q

Functional plasticity

A

The brains ability to move functions from a damaged area of the brain to other undamaged area

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46
Q

Structural plasticity

A

The reins ability to actually change his physical structure as a result of learning

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47
Q

Split brain

A

The hemispheres of the brain communicate excessively through the corpus callosum when the hemispheres can’t communicate each side of the brain seems to act independently or split without awareness of each other

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48
Q

The nervous system

A

What is munication network and allows organisms to sense organized and react information in the environment

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49
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord which is the body‘s main control center
largest part of the nervous system the spinal cord is info highway connecting peripheral system to brain

50
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The sensory nerves outside the brain spinal cord that connects the CNS to the rest of the body

51
Q

Motor pathway

A

signals from the brain to muscles and glands

52
Q

Sensory pathway

A

Signals from sensory receptors to the brain

53
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Transmit signals to the skeletal muscles to allow voluntary movement

54
Q

Sensory neurons or afferent neurons

A

Carry incoming information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system

55
Q

Motor neurons or efferent neurons

A

Carrie outgoing information from CNS to mussels and glands

56
Q

Interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and the spinal cord to communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor output

57
Q

Reflex arc

A

Signal is sent from a sensory organ to the spinal cord which processes information instead of passing it to the brain

58
Q

Automatic nervous system

A

regulate involuntary and unconscious actions such as breathing blood pumping through veins digestion heartbeat work of other internal organs

59
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

emergency response system if some thing alarms in rages or challenges you it’s your flight flight or freeze

60
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

functions to come the person rest and digest

61
Q

Neuron

A

specialize shell in the nervous system that receives and send messages with electro chemical signals

Chemical stimulate the neuron which create electricity then releases chemicals

62
Q

Glial cells

A

cells that provide physical support for the neurons to grow on and around they surround the neuron get nutrients to clean up remains of dead and provide insulation

63
Q

Dendrites

A

part of the neuron that branch like extensions that receive electrical messages from other cells

64
Q

Soma

A

The cell body of the neuron

65
Q

axon

A

fiber that extends from the cell body to the terminal endings it’s job is to carry the messages to other cells 

66
Q

myelin sheath 

A

layer of fatty substance produced by glial cells insulating the axon and speeding up the neural message 

67
Q

Axon terminal’s

A

Tips at the end of the axon, send signal to other neurons

68
Q

Synapse

A

meeting point between neurons at the end of the terminal button is a gap 

69
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse

70
Q

Synaptic cleft or gap

A

less than a millionth of an inch wide

71
Q

Receptor sites

A

Receives signals receptor sites are the lock with a neurotransmitter molecules fit into

72
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemicals that carry messages from one neuron to another

73
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Space between my lunch is on the accent of a dinner on increases the speed of nerve impulse

74
Q

Neural transmission

A

process by which information travels through a neuron each neuron receives an impulse and passes it to the next neuron

75
Q

Electro chemical

A

chemicals closet electrical signal electrical part happens inside and around and chemical part at synapse

76
Q

Resting potential

A

Exxon on exterior is positive ions and sodium axon interior is negative ions minus potassium

77
Q

Action potential

A

Firing triggers a wave and domino effect of depolarization down the axon

78
Q

Selectively permeable membrane

A

The cell membrane of the neuron allow certain ions to Pass through

79
Q

Action potential

A

neuron sent information down an axon away from the cell body if stimulation is not strong enough neuron doesn’t fire

80
Q

Reuptake

A

After the Nero transmitter stimulate the receptors on the receiving there on the remaining chemicals are taken back up in to the sending neuron to be used again

81
Q

Threshold

A

level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulses

82
Q

All are none principle

A

Running around fires it is at full strength or not at all strength of action potential is constant

83
Q

Refractory period

A

period of time during which cells in capable of repeating an action potential occurs only after an action potential and then last 1 ms

84
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter’s

A

they excite meaning they connect neurons and caused them to fire more action potential‘s are triggered

85
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter’s

A

Inhibit or prevent the next neurons from firing

86
Q

acetylcholine

A

function is memory and movement
surplus create severe muscle spasms
deficit creates dementia or paralysis
excitatory first neurotransmitter discovered

87
Q

Seretonin

A

function is mood happiness and sleep
surplus creates hallucinations
deficit creates depression anxiety suicide or OCD
inhibitory and is a popular drug treatment for depression and anxiety

88
Q

Dopamine

A

function is a pleasure chemical
surplus creates schizophrenia and drug addiction
deficit creates depression muscular rigidity and tremors
inhibitory

89
Q

Nor epinephrine

A

function is fight or flight
surplus is anxiety
deficit is depression and mental disorders
excitatory and contracts blood vessels to increase blood flow

90
Q

GABA

A

function is calming
surplus is overly relaxed sedated and normal actions are impaired
deficit is anxiety seizures tremors and insomnia
inhibitory increases sleepiness decrease his anxiety alertness and muscle tension

91
Q

Glutamate

A

function is memory
surplus is overstimulation of brain
Excitatory and most common neurotransmitter in the brain

92
Q

Endorphins

A

function is pain relief and stress relief
surplus is lack of adequate warning about pain
deficit is experiencing pain
inhibitory and creates euphoria feeling

93
Q

Agonist

A

mimic excitatory neurotransmitter‘s such as opiates

94
Q

Antagonist

A

mimics inhibitory neurotransmitters such as venom or antipsychotics

95
Q

Endocrine system

A

consist of grams at secrete hormones into your blood stream travel to target organs to bind with specific receptors

96
Q

Hormones

A

Produced an endocrine glands and secreted into bloodstream much slower to take affect tend to last longer some are chemically identical to neurotransmitters

97
Q

Pituitary gland

A

psi structure located in the core of the brain controlled by the hypothalamus
regulate stress growth and reproduction

98
Q

thyroid gland

A

secretes hormones that regulate metabolism and appetite

99
Q

pineal gland

A

secrete a hormone called melatonin which regulate sleep and bodily rhythm‘s

100
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Two you land on top of each kidney involved with stress response releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

101
Q

Gonads

A

sex friends including ovaries ovaries and testes they regulate sexual hormones behavior and sex characteristics

102
Q

Oxytocin

A

Powerful hormone that axes in our transmitter it regulates social interaction and sexual reproduction

103
Q

Epinephrine

A

hormone produced In Trussville or exciting situations is a physical boost and heightened awareness

104
Q

Cortisol

A

main stress hormone it’s important that the bodies relaxation response is activated after cortisol to return body to calmed state

105
Q

Nature

A

All of the jeans in heredity factors that influence who we are

106
Q

Nurture

A

Refers to environmental influences such as childhood how we were raised social relationships and surrounding and culture

107
Q

Biological psychology

A

Stresses the importance of genetics the perspective has grown as technology has advanced

108
Q

Strength of biological psychology

A

very scientific and reliable it was brought useful treatments for psychological disorders

109
Q

Weakness of biological psychology

A

Fails to account for other influences on behavior

110
Q

Heredity

A

Some of all biological processes were particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring

111
Q

genes

A

Functional unit of heredity they make up the bodies blueprint or 24,000 jeans most are universal small percentage are different

112
Q

Epigenetic’s

A

Study of her edible changes in gene expression the study of changes and Jean expression from nongenetic causes

113
Q

Sensitive period

A

for some behaviors or physical characteristics a particular environment is important at a particular time in life for the genetic information to be expressed

114
Q

Mono zygotic twins

A

results from the single fertilized egg let’s splits in two 

115
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Develop from two zygotes and share 50% of their DNA

116
Q

heritability 

A

The extent to which differences in the appearance of a trait across several people can be accounted for by differences in their genes 

117
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Study of how useful psychological treats for Natalie selected to aid in the survival of the species

118
Q

Strength of evolutionary psychology

A

Explanatory power it’s a simple idea explaining lots of human behaviors

119
Q

Weakness of evolutionary psychology

A

Not scientifically testable

120
Q

Charles Darwin theory of natural selection

A

heretible Characteristics that provide a survival a reproductive advantage or more likely an alternative characteristics to be passed onto subsequent generation and must be selected overtime

121
Q

Psychological adaptations

A

development or change of a mechanism in the mind very wide ranging such as food preferences habitat me and fears

ap psych (8 decks)

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