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cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

The study of internal mental processes

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2
Q

Metacognition

A

Thanking about I thinking

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3
Q

Concepts/schema

A

Mental groupings of similar objects events ideas are people they become short cuts to knowing

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4
Q

Prototype

A

Mental image or best example of specific concept or category the more closely something matches a prototype the easier to recognize

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5
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Type of thinking that focuses on coming up with the single well-established answer to a problem

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6
Q

Divergent thinking

A

tougher process or method used to generate creative ideas by explaining many possible solutions

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7
Q

algorithm

A

step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem

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8
Q

Problem solving

A

mental process that people go through to solve problems

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9
Q

Heuristics

A

I guess based on prior experiences that help narrow down the possible solutions for a problem

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10
Q

Representative heuristic

A

Comparing the present situation to the most representative mental prototype

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11
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Facing decisions on examples of information that immediately spring to mind

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12
Q

Insights

A

A sudden and new realization of the solution to a problem such a sudden life seeing a cause-and-effect relationship

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13
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

Study jams trying to get bananas that were out of reach color observe the chips for unproductive and upset than 10 like they placed boxes on top of another and climbed in them to reach the bananas the chimps had sudden insight on how to solve the problem

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14
Q

Mental set

A

Tendency to only use solutions that I’ve worked in the past

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15
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Tendency to review problems only in their customary manner this prevents people from fully seeing all of the options that might be available to find a solution

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16
Q

Confirmation bias

A

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions into ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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17
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Tendency to hold onto beliefs even when evidence is proven to be wrong

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18
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to over estimate our own knowledge scaler judgment

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19
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tenancy people have to view events as predictable than they are this is that I knew it all along phenomenon

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20
Q

Framing

A

The process of presenting or posing an issue or question

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21
Q

Anchoring effect

A

favoring the first information given people have a tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information they learn

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22
Q

Language

A

Are spoken and written are signed words and the ways we can bind them to communicate mean

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23
Q

phonemes

A

Smallest unit of sound in a language summer universal some are unique

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24
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest unit of meaning to any given side of sounds

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25
Q

Grammar

A

The system of rules governing the structure and use of language

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26
Q

Babbling stage

A

Beginning at four months of age infant spontaneously vocalize very sound at first unrelated to the language spoken in the home

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27
Q

One word stage

A

Age is one in to the child speaks mostly in single words whole idea can be expressed in one word

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28
Q

Two words stage

A

Age to a child speaks mostly two or three word sentences this is telegraphic speech child will use mostly nouns and verbs

29
Q

Full sentences

A

By 6 to 10 they speak in full sentences in master sellable stress patterns to distinguish among words

30
Q

Skinners theory of language acquisition

A

Believe children learn language so operant conditioning the children received awards for using language in a functional manner

31
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Theorized that all humans are born with it innate ability to acquire language located in a specific region of the brain

32
Q

Warnicke’s area

A

Region of the brain that is important for language development it is responsible for comprehension of speech

33
Q

Brocas area

A

Production of speech functions to help you put words together fluently to speak more than one word at a time in form complete sentences

34
Q

Critical periods For language

A

childhood seems to represent a critical period for mastering certain aspect of language the window on language learning closes gradually in early childhood by age 7 those who haven’t spoken to or signed to lose the ability to master any language

35
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

Benjamin wife’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think individuals describe the world they live in based on the structure of the language they are used to

36
Q

Intelligence

A

The ability to learn from experience all problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

37
Q

binet-simon intelligence scale

A

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simone developed a series of tests designed to assess mental abilities

38
Q

Stanford binet intelligence test

A

Louis Turman modify test for the United States the formula computes one’s IQ 

39
Q

General intelligence

A

Intelligence as a general cognitive ability that can be measured and numerically expressed factor analysis is when people who performed well on the cognitive test tend to perform well another test

40
Q

Raymond cattall 

A

determine the experiments do you should be divided into two factors of intelligence

41
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

The ability to reason and thinks flexibly stronger and youth

42
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Accumulation of knowledge fax and skills that aquired throughout life

43
Q

Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

Ate the same types of intelligence based on skills and ability he will leave the IQ tests are not a full and accurate depiction of peoples abilities

44
Q

Savant syndrome

A

Low IQ but a specific exceptional scale

45
Q

Robert Sternberg triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Suggested that some of gardeners types of intelligence are better viewed as individual talents only three factors which are practical analytical and creative

46
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

The ability to perceive control and evaluate emotions

47
Q

wechsler Intelligent scales

A

intelligence test designed by David Wessler in an effort to correct for cultural bias by including nonverbal questions

48
Q

heritability 

A

proportion of variation among individuals in a population that can be attributed to genes


49
Q

flynn affect

A

IQ scores have been rising worldwide

50
Q

Psychometrician’s

A

Message for acquiring and analyzing psychological data

51
Q

Standardization

A

defining meaningful scoring basis for comparing
enthused at the test is both administered and scored uniformly for a test taker
just because the test is standardized does not mean is automatically reliable or valid

52
Q

Norms

A

each test taker completes the test under the same conditions as all the other participants in the sample room

53
Q

Achievement test

A

Design to measure a persons knowledge in a specific area

54
Q

Aptitude test

A

Design to assess what a person is capable of doing or to predict what a person is able to learn

55
Q

Group test

A

Standardize tests can be administered in groups widely used an efficient

56
Q

Individual test

A

test administered to one person by train professional

57
Q

Reliability

A

The tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again and each time it is given to the same people

58
Q

Test retest reliability

A

Administering the test twice at two different points in time

59
Q

Split half reliability

A

Measures the extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally to what is being measured

60
Q

Validity

A

The degree in which a test actually measures what it supposed to measure

61
Q

Content validity

A

Test measures all aspects of what it is designed to measure

62
Q

predictive

A

Test actually forecast performance on future measure

63
Q

Ethics and standards and testing

A

Professional standards for psychological test to promote the welfare of testtakers

64
Q

What IQ tests measure

A

One’s ability to use logic to solve problems to recognize patterns and to make rabbit connections between different points of information

65
Q

Normal distribution

A

Bell shaped curve in which the majority of scores line near or around the average score

66
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Score of two or more different standard deviation’s below the norm on a traditional IQ test

67
Q

Common causes of intellectual disability

A

Genetic conditions problems during pregnancy and labor and delivery problems or injuries

68
Q

Intellectually gifted

A

Very few individuals or see the score of more than 145 these gifted children often learn faster than their peers and work more independently

ap psych (8 decks)

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