cognition Flashcards
Cognitive psychology
The study of internal mental processes
Metacognition
Thanking about I thinking
Concepts/schema
Mental groupings of similar objects events ideas are people they become short cuts to knowing
Prototype
Mental image or best example of specific concept or category the more closely something matches a prototype the easier to recognize
Convergent thinking
Type of thinking that focuses on coming up with the single well-established answer to a problem
Divergent thinking
tougher process or method used to generate creative ideas by explaining many possible solutions
algorithm
step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem
Problem solving
mental process that people go through to solve problems
Heuristics
I guess based on prior experiences that help narrow down the possible solutions for a problem
Representative heuristic
Comparing the present situation to the most representative mental prototype
Availability heuristic
Facing decisions on examples of information that immediately spring to mind
Insights
A sudden and new realization of the solution to a problem such a sudden life seeing a cause-and-effect relationship
Wolfgang Kohler
Study jams trying to get bananas that were out of reach color observe the chips for unproductive and upset than 10 like they placed boxes on top of another and climbed in them to reach the bananas the chimps had sudden insight on how to solve the problem
Mental set
Tendency to only use solutions that I’ve worked in the past
Functional fixedness
Tendency to review problems only in their customary manner this prevents people from fully seeing all of the options that might be available to find a solution
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions into ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Belief perseverance
Tendency to hold onto beliefs even when evidence is proven to be wrong
Overconfidence
Tendency to over estimate our own knowledge scaler judgment
Hindsight bias
The tenancy people have to view events as predictable than they are this is that I knew it all along phenomenon
Framing
The process of presenting or posing an issue or question
Anchoring effect
favoring the first information given people have a tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information they learn
Language
Are spoken and written are signed words and the ways we can bind them to communicate mean
phonemes
Smallest unit of sound in a language summer universal some are unique
Morphemes
The smallest unit of meaning to any given side of sounds
Grammar
The system of rules governing the structure and use of language
Babbling stage
Beginning at four months of age infant spontaneously vocalize very sound at first unrelated to the language spoken in the home
One word stage
Age is one in to the child speaks mostly in single words whole idea can be expressed in one word
Two words stage
Age to a child speaks mostly two or three word sentences this is telegraphic speech child will use mostly nouns and verbs
Full sentences
By 6 to 10 they speak in full sentences in master sellable stress patterns to distinguish among words
Skinners theory of language acquisition
Believe children learn language so operant conditioning the children received awards for using language in a functional manner
Noam Chomsky
Theorized that all humans are born with it innate ability to acquire language located in a specific region of the brain
Warnicke’s area
Region of the brain that is important for language development it is responsible for comprehension of speech
Brocas area
Production of speech functions to help you put words together fluently to speak more than one word at a time in form complete sentences
Critical periods For language
childhood seems to represent a critical period for mastering certain aspect of language the window on language learning closes gradually in early childhood by age 7 those who haven’t spoken to or signed to lose the ability to master any language
Linguistic determinism
Benjamin wife’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think individuals describe the world they live in based on the structure of the language they are used to
Intelligence
The ability to learn from experience all problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
binet-simon intelligence scale
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simone developed a series of tests designed to assess mental abilities
Stanford binet intelligence test
Louis Turman modify test for the United States the formula computes one’s IQ 
General intelligence
Intelligence as a general cognitive ability that can be measured and numerically expressed factor analysis is when people who performed well on the cognitive test tend to perform well another test
Raymond cattall 
determine the experiments do you should be divided into two factors of intelligence
Fluid intelligence
The ability to reason and thinks flexibly stronger and youth
Crystallized intelligence
Accumulation of knowledge fax and skills that aquired throughout life
Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
Ate the same types of intelligence based on skills and ability he will leave the IQ tests are not a full and accurate depiction of peoples abilities
Savant syndrome
Low IQ but a specific exceptional scale
Robert Sternberg triarchic theory of intelligence
Suggested that some of gardeners types of intelligence are better viewed as individual talents only three factors which are practical analytical and creative
Emotional intelligence
The ability to perceive control and evaluate emotions
wechsler Intelligent scales
intelligence test designed by David Wessler in an effort to correct for cultural bias by including nonverbal questions
heritability 
proportion of variation among individuals in a population that can be attributed to genes

flynn affect
IQ scores have been rising worldwide
Psychometrician’s
Message for acquiring and analyzing psychological data
Standardization
defining meaningful scoring basis for comparing
enthused at the test is both administered and scored uniformly for a test taker
just because the test is standardized does not mean is automatically reliable or valid
Norms
each test taker completes the test under the same conditions as all the other participants in the sample room
Achievement test
Design to measure a persons knowledge in a specific area
Aptitude test
Design to assess what a person is capable of doing or to predict what a person is able to learn
Group test
Standardize tests can be administered in groups widely used an efficient
Individual test
test administered to one person by train professional
Reliability
The tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again and each time it is given to the same people
Test retest reliability
Administering the test twice at two different points in time
Split half reliability
Measures the extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally to what is being measured
Validity
The degree in which a test actually measures what it supposed to measure
Content validity
Test measures all aspects of what it is designed to measure
predictive
Test actually forecast performance on future measure
Ethics and standards and testing
Professional standards for psychological test to promote the welfare of testtakers
What IQ tests measure
One’s ability to use logic to solve problems to recognize patterns and to make rabbit connections between different points of information
Normal distribution
Bell shaped curve in which the majority of scores line near or around the average score
Intellectual disability
Score of two or more different standard deviation’s below the norm on a traditional IQ test
Common causes of intellectual disability
Genetic conditions problems during pregnancy and labor and delivery problems or injuries
Intellectually gifted
Very few individuals or see the score of more than 145 these gifted children often learn faster than their peers and work more independently
