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foundations of psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes in both humans and animals

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2
Q

behavior

A

any observable action

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3
Q

mental processes

A

individual thoughts and feelings cannot be directly observed

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4
Q

Nature versus nurture

A

are we a product of our biology or our environment

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5
Q

stability versus change

A

are we born with traits to persist through life or do our personalities change

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6
Q

what makes psychology of science

A

empirical evidence

Scientific method

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7
Q

Scientific attitude

A

question everything: skepticism curiosity humility

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8
Q

Overconfidence

A

people tend to be more confident than correct

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9
Q

Hindsight bias

A

I knew it all along phenomenon

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10
Q

perspectives

A

variety of approaches to explain why people act how they do

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11
Q

Structuralism

A

wihelm wundt (father of psych) introspection

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12
Q

Functionalism

A

william james
function over structure
first american school of psychology

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13
Q

Evolutionary perspective

A

Darwin
The basic principles of evolution including natural selection are applied to physical phenomenon


mental processes except exist because they serve an evolutionary purpose survival and reproduction

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14
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

sigmund frued
emphasizes that behavior is determined by your past experiences that are in our unconscious mind and childhood experiences are crucial and shaping adult personality

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15
Q

Behavioral perspective

A

john watson, ivan pavlov, b.f skinner
Focus on observable behavior, controlled by environment
more likely to do things with positive outcomes and less likely to do things with negative outcomes

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16
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

jean piaget, albert ellis, aaron beck
memory, intelligence, perception, problem-solving, language and learning are internal processes of the mind influencing behavior

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17
Q

humanistic perspective

A

abraham maslow, carl rogers

human capacity for choice and growth peoples motivations to fulfill potential positive outlook, future rather than past

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18
Q

Socio-cultural perspective

A

stanley milgram, philip zimbardo
Society and culture and behavior shaping
social customs, beliefs, values and language are part of what shapes a person

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19
Q

biological perspective

A

roger sperry, mike gazzanigo
genetics and brain chemistry I’m thinking and behavior. Physical and biological processes. Grown with advances in technology

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20
Q

Bio psychosocial approach

A

Electric approach, multiple perspectives included, links between genetic and environment. The approach encompasses biological psychological and social cultural influences

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21
Q

Basic research

A

increasing the scientific knowledge base

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22
Q

Applied research

A

research to find solutions to specific problems

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23
Q

quantitive data

A

numerical type of data, information about quantities

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24
Q

qualitative data

A

non-numerical, descriptive

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25
Q

Descriptive research

A

qualitative data, describe general or specific behaviors that are observed in measured, not testing specific relationships, develop questions for further study

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26
Q

case study

A

an observation technique looking at one or a few individuals throughout in-depth study most are complex or rare phenomenon

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27
Q

strength of case study

A

provide enormous amounts of information unusual cases can shed light on situations or problems that are unethical or in practical to study other ways

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28
Q

weakness of case study

A

unrepresentative, the potential to apply whats learned to the average person may be limited, time consuming

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29
Q

Survey method

A

self report data, relies on the individuals on report of their symptoms behaviors beliefs or attitudes
wording affect equals possible factor on participants caused by the order of presented words or even word choice

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30
Q

strength of survey method

A

ability to get private information and lots of data about people

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31
Q

Weakness of survey method

A

people don’t always give accurate responses. They may lie miss remember or answer questions in a way that makes them look good

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32
Q

naturalistic observation

A

Careful observation of animals or people and natural environment, No attempts to intervene by researcher

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33
Q

Laboratory observation

A

involves observing behavior and more contrived and controlled situation usually lab

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34
Q

Strength of naturalistic observation

A

allow the investigators to directly observe the subject in a natural setting often useful in first stages of research program

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35
Q

Weakness of naturalistic observation

A

allow researcher little to no control of situation, observations may be biased, does not allow for firm conclusions about cause-and-effect

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36
Q

Observer affect

A

when people know they’re being watched they’re less likely to behave naturally

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37
Q

Hawthorne affect

A

individuals may change their behavior due to the attention they’re receiving from researchers rather than the cause of any manipulation of independent variables

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38
Q

observer by us

A

people who act as observers are closely involved in the research project and may unconsciously scew those of the observations to fit research goals or experience

39
Q

Correlation studies

A

quantitive data

research use to see if two variables are related and make predictions based on relationship, nonexperimental

40
Q

strength of correlation studies

A

correlation allows researcher to clearly see relationship between variables

41
Q

Weakness of correlation studies

A

cannot imply causation

42
Q

correlation coefficient

A

The statistical measure of the relationship of variables, number represents the strength of relationship, closer to zero weaker the relationship

43
Q

scatterplot

A

The type of data display that shows the relationship between two numerical variables

44
Q

Positive

A

as one variable increases the other also increases

45
Q

negative

A

decrease in one variable as the other increases

46
Q

illusory correlation

A

perceived perceived but nonexistent correlation

47
Q

third variable problem

A

researchers cannot rule out the possibility that a third variable causes both of the other variables to increase or decrease

48
Q

Experimental method

A

The only way to establish that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct an experiment

49
Q

Strength of experimental method

A

allows researcher to control situation, permits researcher to identify cause-and-effect

50
Q

Weakness of experimental method

A

experimental research can create artificial situations that do not always represent real life situations

51
Q

Variable

A

variables anything that can vary or change, help to test hypothesis

52
Q

operational definitions

A

The definition of the variable in terms of precisely how it is to be measured
-I have an operational definitions other psychologists are able to replicate the experiment 

53
Q

independent variable

A

The factor that the experiment controls and manipulates

54
Q

dependent variable

A

The variable that is being measured

55
Q

confounding variable

A

differences between the experimental group in the control group other than those resulting from the independent variable

56
Q

population

A

includes all the individuals in the group to which the study applies

to save time and money most researchers use a sub group as a sample of the population

57
Q

Confederate

A

individuals who seem to be participants in but in reality they’re part of the research team

58
Q

representative sample

A

A group that closely matches the characteristics of the whole population

59
Q

Random sample

A

select people to participate in research in a way that everyone in the population has an equal chance

60
Q

Control group

A

no treatment or treatment with no effect, used to find other factors to be examined

61
Q

Experimental group

A

Group that is exposed to the independent variable, receives experimental manipulation

62
Q

Random assignment

A

process that ensures all members have an equal chance of being placed in either control or experimental groups

63
Q

placebo condition

A

allows researchers to separate the effect of the variable itself from the expectations of the participants

64
Q

Single blind studies

A

research research design in which the participants don’t know which treatment group they are in

65
Q

double blind studies

A

neither the experimental or the participants knew which group anyone is in

66
Q

Reliability

A

whether or not an experiment can be repeated

The degree to which an experiment produces similar scores each time it is used

67
Q

Validity

A

the experiment is testing what is supposed to test

68
Q

Statistics

A

set of tools to turn data and information, organize and describe in a meaningful way, used to make predictions about a population of interest

69
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

organize or describe the characteristics of a data set, descriptive statistics do not allow us to make conclusions beyond the data or reach conclusions regarding any hypothesis we might have made

70
Q

Frequency distribution table

A

An orderly arrangement of scores indicating the frequency of each score

71
Q

Histogram

A

Shows the underlying frequency distribution of a set of continuous data

72
Q

Mean

A

Average number of in a data set

73
Q

median

A

Middle

74
Q

Mode

A

most

75
Q

Range

A

Represents the span of the scores and a data set, subtract Hashimoto’s to get range, dispersion

76
Q

Standard deviation

A

how much is score difference from the mean

77
Q

Z scores

A 
The number of standard deviations from the main data point 
-3 to +3 
68%
95%
99%
78
Q

normal distribution‘s

A

shape of distribution when graft, mean, median, mode turn out to do the same

79
Q

Negative skew

A

SKU to the left

and outliers disproportionately affecting the mean

80
Q

positive skew

A

skewed right

81
Q

Inferential statistics

A

used to interpret data and dry conclusions, is the data from the chosen sample generalized to the whole population being studied

82
Q

Statistical significance

A

is a measure of the likelihood that the difference between group results are from real difference between the two groups rather than chance

83
Q

P value

A

less than 5%

84
Q

null hypothesis

A

predict there will not be a significant relationship

85
Q

meta-analysis

A

provide a way of statistically combining the results of many studies to reach a conclusion

86
Q

Ethics

A

rules of conduct and moral principles when doing research, developed by the American psychological Association

87
Q

Institutional review board

A

review proposals for research that involve human participants

88
Q

Informed consent

A

and inform consent form provides a written description of what to expect and potential risks

89
Q

Discontinuing participation

A

participants are capable of discontinuing participation at any time

90
Q

Confidentiality

A

any data collected should remain completely confidential

91
Q

Deception

A

miss leading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment, but not to the point where the deception could be considered harmful

92
Q

debriefing

A

giving participants in a completed research project a full exclamation of the study that was possible before or during the research

93
Q

animal testing

A

animals are acceptable substitutes for research that would be unethical on humans

ap psych (8 decks)

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