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112 Brain and Behaviour > Sensation and perception 1 Wk 5 > Flashcards

Sensation and perception 1 Wk 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sensation?

A

the process by which the sense organs (eg. eyes, ears, skin ) gather info about the environment

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2
Q

what is perception ?

A

the process by which sensory info is selected and processed, selected, organised and interpreted

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3
Q

what is transaction ? describe it

A

energy - neural impulses

coded in terms of :

  • intensity
  • quality

sense receptors ‘transduce’ stimuli into signals

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4
Q

what are psychophysics?

A

study of how we perceive sensory stimuli, bases on their physical characteristics.

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5
Q

what is an absolute threshold?

A

it is the lowest stimulus (on its own) that we can detect 50% of the time
–Smallest change in intensity of a stimulus that we can detect
–Depends on:
a)Level of intensity of new stimulus
b)Level of stimulation already present

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6
Q

what is attention

A

a mental phenomenon of concentration and it shifts focus

  • influenced by external and internal events
  • limited capacity
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7
Q

what is selective behaviour?

A

allows us to select some inputs for further processing and ignore others

.–Reticular activating system (RAS) and basal forebrain activate regions of cortex (e.g., frontal cortex)

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8
Q

what is the bottle neck theory of attention?

A

broadband (1958)

  • early filtering mechanism
  • limited capacity channel
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9
Q

what does the cocktail party phenomenon suggest about selective attention?

A

some info actually gets through the filter.

Even when we selectively attend to conversation we are subconsciously monitoring other conversations around us

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10
Q

what are the errors of attention?

A
  • in-attentional blindness (a failure to see something in plain sight)
  • change blindness (the inability to detect changes in scenes when looking directly at them)
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11
Q

what is divided attention?

A

it is performing multiple tasks simultaneously

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12
Q

what is considered one wave length and wave amplitude

A

wave between two peaks. Amplitude height and determines intensity

we can only see a very small part of the light spectrum

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13
Q

3 parts of the eye (basic)

A

1) sclera (white part)
2) pupil (light comes in)
3) iris

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14
Q

what are the two processes of the inside of the eye

A

1) focussing light on retina

2) Transducing the image into nerve signals

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15
Q

what are photoreceptors?

A

photoreceptors (lights and cones) turns light energy into electric signals

-electrochemical processes mediated by photo pigments

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16
Q

describe the rods in photoreceptors

A
  • low light
  • monochromatic
  • peripheral vison
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17
Q

describe the cones in photoreceptors

A
  • bright light
  • colour vision
  • central vison
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18
Q

different part of the visual cortex

A

Different cortical cells respond best to different stimuli–

Simple cells: light of specific orientation at a particular location

Complex cells: specific orientation but less dependent on location

Feature detectors: lines and edges (simple/complex cells), length of lines, shapes, movement, colouretc.

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19
Q

what is colour vision?

A

different theories explain different aspects of colour vision

both theories have proven to be correct.
1- Trichromatic
2- Opponent process

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20
Q

what is one theory of colour vision?

A

trichromatic theory: colour vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colours

  • explains colour blindness
  • consistent with three types of cones in eyes
21
Q

what is the opponent process theory of colour vision?

A
  • colour vision as a function of complementary opposing colours
  • red Vs green
  • blue Vs yellow
  • black Vs white
22
Q

what are some causes of blindness

A

cataract 47.8% people worldwide treatable.

glaucoma 12.3% treatable

Macular degeneration 8.7% not treatable

diabetic retinopathy 4.8% not treatable

childhood blindness 3.9% some types are treatable

23
Q

what is the basic outline of colour blindness

A

there are three types

  • monochromic
  • dichromacy
  • (anomalous) Trichroma

most usual cause is faulty cone development
-genetics: far more common in males

24
Q

what is one test of colour blindness

A

Ishihara test. Letters in coloured pictures

25
Q

what is motion blindness?

A

inability to perceive motion (or ‘stitch together’ the incoming images)

26
Q

what is visual agnosia

A

inability to recognise objects, despite normal ability to describe the shape and colour etc

27
Q

brightness and hue

A

we perceive brightness (intensity) and hue (colour)

  • mixing lights produces white (additive)
  • mixing pigments produces black (subjective)
28
Q

what do the lens inside the eye do?

A

transparent disk that focuses light rays for near or distant vision

29
Q

what does the cornea inside the eye do?

A

curves, transparent dome that bends incoming light

30
Q

what does the iris do?

A

coloured area containing muscles that control the pupil

31
Q

what is the pupil?

A

opening in the centre of the iris that lets In light

32
Q

what is the eye muscle

A

innermost layer of the eye, where incoming light is converted into nerve impulses

33
Q

what is the optic nerve in the eye

A

transmits impulses from the retina to the rest of the brain

34
Q

what is the fovea at the back of the eye (point of central focus)

A

the part of the retina where light rays are most sharply focused

35
Q

what is webers law

A

regardless of the magnitude of the two stimulus, the second must differ from the first by a constant proportion for it to be perceived as differnt

36
Q

what is the average weber fraction for weight

A

1/50

37
Q

what is signal detect theory

A

sensation occurs when we judge whether a stimulus is present or not

38
Q

what 2 processes contribute to signal detection theory

A

1-initial sensory processes

2- decision process

39
Q

what is the visible spectrum of light

A

400-700 nanometers

40
Q

characteristic of vision

A

image is inverted on retina , which turns in into an AP

41
Q

cornea?

A

direction and focusing, clear part of eye

42
Q

sclera?

A

white part of eye, refocuses light

43
Q

choroid?

A

muscle area attached to lens

44
Q

retina?

A

holds lights sensitive cells, innermost layer of the eye where light is converted to nerve impulses

45
Q

macula?

A

contains fovea

46
Q

fovea?

A

part of the retina where light is focused more sharply

most concentration of cones

47
Q

pupil?

A

opening that lets the light in

48
Q

what is cortical blindness?

A

cannot identify shapes

112 Brain and Behaviour (10 decks)

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