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112 Brain and Behaviour > Biological PSY wk 2 > Flashcards

Biological PSY wk 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the nervous system is composed of a vast network of nerve pathways and structures that mediate all aspects of being a human being, these include:

A 
motor activity
cognitive activity 
sensory and perceptual activity
emotional and behavioural activity
physiological activity
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2
Q

describe the nervous system

A

Vast networks that have nerve pathways and structures and mediates all aspects of being a human

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3
Q

define the central nervous system (CNS) and its parts

A

CNS - directs psychological and basic life processes (responds to stimuli)

WITHIN THE CNS :
SPINAL CORD - receives sensory input, sends info to the brain.
BRAIN - directs psychological activity , processes info and maintains life support

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4
Q

describe the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and its parts

A

PNS - carries info to and from the CNS

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - sends motor messages to muscles and conveys sensory info from the CNS

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - serves basic life functions, such as beating of the heart and response to stress

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - Readies the body in response to threat

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - helps keep the body calm, saves energy

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5
Q

what are neurons?

A

cells of the nervous system specialised for receiving and transmitting electrochemical signals

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6
Q

neurons send and receive messages from the body to the brain and vice versa by dispersing chemicals called,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

A

neurotransmitters

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7
Q

how many neurotransmitters are in the brain alone?

A

85 billion each connecting with 10,000’s of neurons

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8
Q

what does the cell body of a neuron do?

A

it contains the nucleus and is connected to the dendrites. MOST IMPORTANT ROLE IS MANUFACTURING NEW CELL COMPONENTS

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9
Q

which part of the neuron receives the electrical messages from other neurons?

A

dendrites

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10
Q

the two main divisions of the nervous system are?

A

CNS and PSN

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11
Q

Your lecturer asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer?

A

Dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminal

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12
Q

what are gliall cells?

A

they play a supportive role with neurons

  • repair Injury
  • clear up debris
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13
Q

describe resting potential of a neuron?

A

In its resting state the fluid environment outside the axon is more positively charged than the inside

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14
Q

what are graded potential in a neuron?

A

GRADED POTENTIALS - are electrical charges caused by neural signals arriving from the axons of other cells.

These can be either:

EXCITATORY –

INHIBITORY –

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15
Q

what is the absolute refractory period?

A

it is a brief period of time where another AP cannot occurs

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16
Q

what is synaptic transmission?

A

when nerve impulses travel down the axon to the axon terminal

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17
Q

what does it mean when it is said that ‘the chemical process of synaptic transmission is very precise’

A

Only one type of neurotransmitter can stimulate a specific post‐synaptic receptor site

Only one type of receptor site can accept a specific neurotransmitter

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18
Q

what is excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

cause depolarisation, more likely of an AP

19
Q

what is Inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

cause hyperpolarisation and less likely of an AP

20
Q

what is glutamate?

A

it is the main excitatory transmitter in the CNS

involved in memory and learning.

alcohol interacts with glutamate

21
Q

what is GABA?

A

It is the main inhibitory transmitter in the CNS

dampens neural activity, involved in memory, learning and sleep
drugs enhance GABA

22
Q

what is Acetylcholine (ACh)?

A

It is involved in muscle contraction (PNS), cortical arousal (CNS), including aspects of selective attention, sleep and memory

Nicotine increases ACh and botox blocks it.

23
Q

what Is Noradrenalin (aka Norepinephrin) ?

A

Involved in cortical arousal and autonomic nervous system activity

(Meth)amphetamine increases noradrenalin

24
Q

what is dopamine?

A

motor function and reward (e.g., food, sex, psychoactive drugs, gambling)

Increased levels associated with schizophrenia
Reduced levels associated with Parkinson’s disease
Drugs of dependence / rewards increase dopamine

25
Q

what is serotonin?

A

cortical arousal, mood, sleeping, eating

  • SSRIs used to treat depression increase serotonin
  • Ecstasy (MDMA) increases seroton
26
Q

what is a psychoactive drug?

A

Any drug (prescribed or illicit) that interacts with the neurotransmitter system and affects mood, arousal, behaviour

27
Q

what is an agonist?

A

It is a type of psychoactive drug that enhance the effect of a neurotransmitter, either by increasing the amount and release, or by mimicking it and binding to receptor

28
Q

what is a antagonists

A

inhibits the effect of a neurotransmitter, either by reducing the amount of release or blocking the receptors

29
Q

what does botox do?

A

blocks release of acetylcholine (thereby stopping the effects of muscles)

30
Q

what do Antipsychotics do?

A

block dopamine receptors, reducing the action of dopamine

31
Q

a detection of threat activates what nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system - stimulates peripheral organ and musculature response (things that happen when you are nervous, eg. shaking, fidgeting, goose bumps)

32
Q

how is threat appropriately responded too?

A

a flight of fight situation

33
Q

what happen when the parasympathetic system is activated?

A

you are less calm (decreases the activation state of the peripheral organs and musculature, restoring normal levels of function)

34
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

system of glands, that control vital functions. (growth metabolism)

35
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemicals that are released into the blood stream by the endocrine glands

36
Q

what is hypothalamus?

A

regulates both the ANS and endocrine system (by activating the pituitary gland

37
Q

what is the pituitary gland? (the master gland)

A

releases hormones that have an direct effect, or activates glands down the chain

38
Q

what is oxytocin? (love molecule)

A

involved in birth contractions, milk production, maternal/romantic love, interpersonal trust

39
Q

how does the HPA axis work?

A

it works in conjunction to the sympathetic system, to respond to stress

40
Q

what does the adrenal glands do?

A

releases adrenaline and cortisol (triggers fight or flight response)

41
Q

what does the thyroid gland do?

A

releases growth and metabolism hormones (can be associated with fatigue and depression)

42
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

controls blood sugar levels

43
Q

what are gonads? (testes/ovaries)

A

releases sex hormones (testosterone and oestrogen )

112 Brain and Behaviour (10 decks)

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