Learning wk 10

Question 1

what is learning?

Answer 1

a relatively permanent change in behaviour as the result of experience
-skinner

Question 2

what is memory

Answer 2

the faculty of the mind by which it retains the knowledge of previous thoughts, impressions or events

Question 3

are reflexive responses sufficient to achieve adaptation?

Answer 3

they are sufficient enough to sustain basic forms of survival but complex and changing environments require specific adaptations

Question 4

what is neural plasticity?

Answer 4

the brains ability to change continuously throughout life

Question 5

what does plasticity mean for learning?

Answer 5

plasticity sustains learning

learning depends on the plasticity of the circuits within the brain - the ability of neurons to make lasting changes in their efficacy of their synaptic transmissions

Question 6

explain hebbian synapses

Answer 6

Hebbs law: neurons that fire together wore together

pathways in the brain are formed and reinforced through repetition

Question 7

what is habituation?

Answer 7

the process by which we respond less strongly overtime to repeated stimuli

Question 8

what is an example of habituation?

Answer 8

Aplysia: Touch in same spot repeatedly and begins to ignore the stimulus

in this case it is a decrease in the release of the neurotransmitters serotonin

Question 9

what is sensation?

Answer 9

something aversive about the stimulus that we don’t like and therefore we become more reactive to it.

some cases of repeated exposure lead to sensitisation responding more strongly over time it is likely when the stimulus is dangerous, irritating or both.

Question 10

what did Carlson propose to be the 4 main types of learning

Answer 10

perceptual
motor
relational
stimulus response learning

Question 11

what is perceptual learning?

Answer 11

to learn to recognise and learn about stimuli perceived previously and differentiate them from other similar stimuli.
however,
the main function is to identify and categories stimuli, such as objects and context.

Question 12

what is motor learning?

Answer 12

special type of stimulus-response learning because it requires both exteroceptive sensory stimulation and propioceptive sensory stimulation

Question 13

what is relational learning?

Answer 13

Various forms of learning that is required to establish specific associations between stimuli

Question 14

what is stimulus response learning?

Answer 14

perform a learned behaviour in response to a specific stimulus with which the behaviour has been associated previously.

Question 15

what is trace conditioning?

Answer 15

the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus are presented separately with an internal of time in between

Question 16

what is delay conditioning?

Answer 16

the UC immediately follows with the CS

Question 17

Do you need to be conscious to learn classical conditioning?

Answer 17

no it does not require consciousness and can occur even among people who are is a vegetable state.

Question 18

what are the three stages of classical conditioning?

Answer 18

acquisition extinction
spontaneous
recovery

Question 19

what is acquisition?

Answer 19

Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established

Question 20

what is extinction?

Answer 20

Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 21

what is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 21

Spontaneous recoveryIn a phenomenon whereby a seemingly extinct CR reappears (often in a somewhat weaker form) if the CS is presented again.

Question 22

what is a renewal effect?

Answer 22

phenomenon is the renewal effect, which occurs when we extinguish a response in a setting different from the one in which the animal acquired it.

Question 23

what is stimulus generalisation?

Answer 23

Process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original CS elicit a conditioned response

Question 24

what is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 24

the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus another stimulated not been paired

Question 25

classical conditioning & amp; drugs?

Answer 25

conditioned place preference: explains positive effective reactions to stimuli and places previously paired with drugs

Question 26

what is operant conditioning

Answer 26

we learn through the consequences of our actions

Question 27

what does operant behaviour depend on

Answer 27

skeletal muscles to carry out behaviours

responses are based in the limbic system as linked to reward

Question 28

what does classical conditioning behaviour depend on

Answer 28

autonomic nervous system - not consciously directed

Question 29

what is the law of the effect

Answer 29

if a response, in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between the stimulus and responses will be strengthens

Question 30

what is reinforcement

Answer 30

any outcome that strengthens the probability of a response

differs from reward an action in response to a behaviour

Question 31

explain schedule of reinforcement ?

Answer 31

continuous reinforcement : reinforce every time

partial reinforcement : reinforced one some of the time

Question 32

what does skinner suggest about reinforcement schedules ?

Answer 32

continuous allows animals to learn new things quickly

partial leads to a greater resistance towards extinction

Question 33

interval Vs ratio?

Answer 33

interval is a period of time - can be fixed or variable

ratio means after a certain amount of responses - can be fixed or variable

Question 34

What is S-O-R learning ?

Answer 34

stimulus - organism - response

internal evaluation of consequences are incorporated

Question 35

observational learning ?

Answer 35

vicarious learning - learning by watching other - learning without direct reinforcement

Question 36

what did Alber Bandura do ?

Answer 36

the bobo experiment

found that chidden who watched an adult being aggressive were more aggressive themselves

Question 37

what s the hummingbird experiment?

Answer 37

a tutor bird was placed in with the novice birds and by watching the tutor they learned to use the feeder