Emotion Wk8 Flashcards
are emotion and reason linked?
yes, without emotion we have reduced capacity to make rational decisions
what is emotion?
evaluative response (+ve/–ve) usually includes:
- physiological arousal•subjective experience
- behavioural/emotional expression
what is the affect of emotion?
Pattern of behaviours that express emotions.
what is mood?
more general emotional state that may or may not be externally expressed
what is expression?`
overt signs of emotion
what is emotional valence?
emotions can be classified according to their valence
- Positive:Pleasant emotions (e.g., happiness)
- Negative:Unpleasant emotions (e.g., sadness)
can emotional valence impact on behaviour?
yes,
- Positive affect associated with pleasure-seeking, approach-oriented behaviour (left frontal lobe).
- Negative affect related to to avoidance behaviours (right frontal lobe)
what are discrete emotion theories? (DET)
Humans experience a small number of distinct emotions - These emotions....... –serve distinct evolutionary purposes –have distinct physiological responses –are universal across cultures –occur before thought
what is evolutionary perspective? (DET)
Darwin: emotions serve adaptive purpose increase chances of survival
- innate motor programs (eg.postural, facial)
- similar across cultures (and even species)
- How do they help survival?
- social communication
- internal motivator (e.g. fear -> run or fight)
discrete physiological responses
- Disgust -less likely to consume toxic substance
- Fear-eyes widen to recognise danger
- Anger-fists clenched and teeth bared ready to fight
- Jealousy-need to secure resource
how many primary emotions are there?
7
where are the primary emotions?
1) anger
2) fear
3) disgust
4) surprise
5) contempt
6) sadness
7) happiness
combining 2 or more primary emotions create …….
a secondary emotion
eg. anger + fear
what have cross-cultural studies found about the 7primary emotions?
that they are universally recognised and expressed.
there are also 5 other emotions that may have universal facial expressions
1) pride
2) awe
3) shame
4) embarrassment
5) interest
how many words for anger and sadness does Tahitian have ?
anger - 46
sadness - 0
what are display rules?
cultures have different rules about how and when you can express an emotion.
(eg. greeting people in Australia, Vs Europe)
what are discrete physiological responses?
Some emotions have different physiological responses
Anger/fear: both increase heart rate, but digestive system speeds up/slows down
can emotions be distinguished by brain activity?
yes, (although not always the case, many brain regions are involved)
fear -Amygdala
Disgust -insula
what is the James Lange theory?
there is an emotion including stimulus that leads to behavioural and bodily responses there is a subjective interpretation of arousal emotion.
what is the evidence for the James Lange theory?
higher spinal damage associated with reduced subjective emotion
what is the evidence against the James Lange theory ?
emotional responses can be faster than physiological and we are not always aware of our bodily functions
what is the somatic marker theory?
gut reactions and physiological response unconsciously directs our direction making and emotional reactions
what is evidence against the somatic marker theory?
may be helpful but not necessary
people with pure autonomic failure can make bad decisions without any bodily feedback
what is the cannon bard theory?
emotional and behavioural responses are elected simultaneously and independently
so an emotion provoking even produces an emotion and a bodily reaction at the same time
what is evidence again the cannon bard theory?
most physiological changes occur to slowly to trigger emotional reactions that happen quickly
the somatic and autonomic responses can influence emotional experiences in some cases
what is the appraisal theory?
emotion arises from assessing of stimulus
what is the two factor theory of emotion?
Unspecified physiological/autonomic arousal2.Cognitive interpretation based on internal/external eve
what is the criticism of the two factor theory of emotion?
emotion can occur in absence of arousal
what is cognition and appraisal?
can also influence how we perceive others emotions
what is emotion regulation?
can occur before or after the emotional response occurs
what are the different type of emotional regulation?
1) reframing
2) suppressing
what does reframing mean?
meaning of an event before emotional response occurs -reduces negative affect
what does suppressing means?
Emotions afterthe emotional response -leads to increased autonomic arousal
what are the affects of emotion on cognition?
Mood (including anxiety, depression) can….
- influence memory capacity, problem solving, decision making, judgements, inferences, predictions
- bias our attention and recall of particular information•influence our expectations for the future
what is the unconscious affects on emotion? (subconscious)
facial features -You are more likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial features
what is the limbic system?
produces and regulates emotional responses and helps us interpret the emotions of others
what are the key structures of the limbic system?
- amygdala
- hypothalamus
- cingulate cortex
- hippocampus
what is the Amygdala?
learning, recognising and responding to emotion
what is hypothalamus?
regulates the autonomic nervous system and endscroine system.
what is hippocampus?
encoding new long term memories including emotional information.
what is cingulate cortex?
emotional expression and interpreting / engaging in social behaviour
what is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?
cause, bilateral removal damage to the amygdala
Major symptoms -
- lack of fear, urge to put objects in mouth, memory loss, hyper sexuality, visual distractibility, placidity, emotional blunting
what role does the prefrontal cortex play?
- Cognitive appraisal of emotional information
- Conscious decisions based on emotional information
- Interpreting meaning of peripheral responses
- Regulation of emotional responses / expressions
what role does the insult cortex play?
involved in recognition and experience of disgust
ALSO - plays broad role in interception and integrating affective and cognitive processes
what is the high and low road?
low road - Fast subcortical pathway via thalamus
•Rapid threat detection
high road- Slow cortical pathways, more complex analysis
are there any brain structures linked to just one emotion
no
explain non - verbal leakage
often a powerful cue that we are trying to hide an emotion
what are micro expressions
brief expressions which occur when trying to conceal emotions
explain emotional distance
there are four levels :
1) public
2) social
3) personal
4) intimate
what is proxemics
the study of personal space
public level of distance?
12ft or more (eg. public speaking)
social level of distance?
4-12 ft (conversations among strangers)
personal level of distance?
1.5ft -4t(conversation among close friends)
intimate level of distance?
0-1.5ft (eg. kissing, hugging)
what is happiness good for?
May produce enduring physical and psychological benefits
what is the broaden and build theory?
happiness predisposes is to think more openly which allows us to see the bigger picture
what do happier people tend to live longer?
they tend to cope better with bad life events
what makes us happy?
- marriage
- friendships
- education
- religion
- exercise
- gratitude
- giving
- flow
what doesn’t make us happy
- what happens us
- money
- youth
- never being worried
what is self esteem?
a persons evaluation of their self worth
what are the benefits of self esteem?
high self esteem is associated with greater initiative and persistence
related to positive illusions which are the tendencies to perceive ourselves more positively than others do
what is downside self esteem?
can be maladaptive in extreme amounts
what is positive psychology?
emphasis human strengths (resilience, coping, life, satisfaction, love and happiness)
which brain region helps us use emotional reactions to guide decision making and behaviour
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
