Biological PSY wk 4 Flashcards
who ultimately created modern biology?
Charles Darwin
The human brain has ……….. in size
tripled
What train appeared in all the first generation offspring
dominant trait
what trait appeared in one quarter of the second generation offspring?
Recessive trait
What is DNA
It is a molecule that holds genetic info for a cell and organism
what can be used by a cell to express certain genes?
DNA molecule contains a code
what do genes do?
encode specific info to build specific proteins
what is a mutation?
it is a change in a DNA sequence which can affect making the protein
how many chromosomes in a human?
46
how many sex cells are there?
2
how many chromosomes come from each parent (pairs)
23 including the sex cell
how much % of intelligence can be attributed to genetic inheritance? (Minnesota twin study, Bouchard)
70%
what is phenotype?
a set of an observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interactions of its genotype with the environment
what is stereotaxic surgery?
it allows the the positioning of the head of the patient within a precise system of stereotaxic coordinates
how many years ago did early homo species were gradually replaced in the African fossil record by modern humans
300,000 years
how many years ago did modern humans begin to migrate out of Africa?
130,000 years ago
evidence was shown that Homo sapiens married with other homo species, what other species were there?
homo - neanderthals
how much bigger is the size of a primates brain compared what is expected for the mammals of the same size?
double
larger brains (eg whales) are bigger than humans, does this mean they are more complex?
no, the human brain is of higher complexity
what homo species is most like a chimps brain?
neanderthal, because both grow steadily in the first few years, unlike the homo sapiens Brain (human)
what is evolutionary psychology focused on ?
how evolution has shaped by mind and behaviour
attempts to explain mental traits (memory, perception and language)
what did Charles Darwin argue? but did not know how it worked?
he argued that adaptive, anatomical, physiological and behavioural characteristics
what do behavioural genetics study?
individuals of known genetic similarity (twin study)
what is monozygotic?
It is where the zygote splits (genetically identical, shared placenta , twins). Essentially share 100% of genes.`
organisms that possess two identical genes for a trait are said to be what for that trait?
Homozygous for that trait
organisms that possess two different genes for a train are said to be what for that trait?
heterozygous for that trait
what is dizygotic?
non identical twins , ovum splits only share 50% of genes
what are all techniques in biological psychology?
1- stereotaxic surgery 2- cerebral lesions 3- histology 4-neuroanatomy 5- brain stimulation 6- neuro chemistry 7-optogenetics 8- genetic techniques 9- electrophysiological recording 10- neuroimaging 11-animal behaviour
describe microscopy and histology
microscopy - is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects
histology- is the study of micro anatomy of cells, tissues and organs as seen through microscopes
fixation makes this process easier.
describe immunocytochemistry
changes in animal behaviour that occur during learning or drug administration are correlated by changes In protein expression
what techniques that allow immunolocalisation by means of specific antibodies?
Immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry
describe the detection of RNA and DNA
we use specific probes to detect portions of mRNA (RNA hybridisation) or DNA (DNA hybridisation). The probes are complementary to the RNA or DNA sequences.
typically the probe is radio active
how many intelligence is attributed to environmental factors?
30%
what is the neurochemical technique of autoradiography
- radioactivity glucose is taken up by the most active neurons in the CNS
- these. neurons show more neurophysiological acitivy
what is vivo micro dialysis?
-monitor continuously the extracellular fluid concentrations of various neurochemicals in the awake animal
what is involved in experimental lesions?
-one of the most important techniques and critical to delineate the functions of specific brain regions `
what are irreversible lesions
- aspiration lesions (hippocampus & cortex)
- sectioned into tracs and bundles and also used to disconnect other regions of the brain
what are reversible lesions
- involve temporal inactivation of specific regions by means of microinjections of local anaesthetics or ion channel blockers
what is an advantages to reversible lesions such as antisense treatment or protein synthesis inhibitors
repeated measures design
what is chemical stimulation
-result from combining pharmacological and neuroanatomical methods.
what what are osmotic what are osmotic mini pumps
used to administer drugs chronically
what is electrical stimulation ?
permanently attached bipolar electrode through which is a weak current is passed on
what is optogenetics
mapping brain circuits with light
what is transcranial magnetic stimulation
- noninvasive
- depolarisation in neurons
- weak electrical currents
what has repetitive transcranial receptive stimulation (fTMA) being used for?
-treating neurological and psychiatric disorders
what is included electroencephalograms?
EEG is obtained by placing large electrodes in the skull (cortical EEG) or deep into the brain (subcortical EEG)
what is an advantage of EEG
shape of EEG wave is correlated with specific states of arousal
what is involved in neuroimaging
- computerised tomography
- multiple XRAY photographies
- combined with software yield a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the brain
what is magnetic response imaging?
- high resolution image of the brain
- measures wave hydrogen atoms that are emitted when they become activated by radio frequency
what is positron emission tomography (PET)
- Nuclear medicine imaging technique
- produces 3 dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body
what is functional magnetic resonance?
- specialised MRI
- measure hemodynamic response (change in blood flow )
what is fixation?
stops the cells from breaking down - which is helpful to microscopy
