Biological PSY wk 4

Question 1

who ultimately created modern biology?

Answer 1

Charles Darwin

Question 2

The human brain has ……….. in size

Answer 2

tripled

Question 3

What train appeared in all the first generation offspring

Answer 3

dominant trait

Question 4

what trait appeared in one quarter of the second generation offspring?

Answer 4

Recessive trait

Question 5

What is DNA

Answer 5

It is a molecule that holds genetic info for a cell and organism

Question 6

what can be used by a cell to express certain genes?

Answer 6

DNA molecule contains a code

Question 7

what do genes do?

Answer 7

encode specific info to build specific proteins

Question 8

what is a mutation?

Answer 8

it is a change in a DNA sequence which can affect making the protein

Question 9

how many chromosomes in a human?

Answer 9

46

Question 10

how many sex cells are there?

Answer 10

2

Question 11

how many chromosomes come from each parent (pairs)

Answer 11

23 including the sex cell

Question 12

how much % of intelligence can be attributed to genetic inheritance? (Minnesota twin study, Bouchard)

Answer 12

70%

Question 13

what is phenotype?

Answer 13

a set of an observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interactions of its genotype with the environment

Question 14

what is stereotaxic surgery?

Answer 14

it allows the the positioning of the head of the patient within a precise system of stereotaxic coordinates

Question 15

how many years ago did early homo species were gradually replaced in the African fossil record by modern humans

Answer 15

300,000 years

Question 16

how many years ago did modern humans begin to migrate out of Africa?

Answer 16

130,000 years ago

Question 17

evidence was shown that Homo sapiens married with other homo species, what other species were there?

Answer 17

homo - neanderthals

Question 18

how much bigger is the size of a primates brain compared what is expected for the mammals of the same size?

Answer 18

double

Question 19

larger brains (eg whales) are bigger than humans, does this mean they are more complex?

Answer 19

no, the human brain is of higher complexity

Question 20

what homo species is most like a chimps brain?

Answer 20

neanderthal, because both grow steadily in the first few years, unlike the homo sapiens Brain (human)

Question 21

what is evolutionary psychology focused on ?

Answer 21

how evolution has shaped by mind and behaviour

attempts to explain mental traits (memory, perception and language)

Question 22

what did Charles Darwin argue? but did not know how it worked?

Answer 22

he argued that adaptive, anatomical, physiological and behavioural characteristics

Question 23

what do behavioural genetics study?

Answer 23

individuals of known genetic similarity (twin study)

Question 24

what is monozygotic?

Answer 24

It is where the zygote splits (genetically identical, shared placenta , twins). Essentially share 100% of genes.`

Question 25

organisms that possess two identical genes for a trait are said to be what for that trait?

Answer 25

Homozygous for that trait

Question 26

organisms that possess two different genes for a train are said to be what for that trait?

Answer 26

heterozygous for that trait

Question 27

what is dizygotic?

Answer 27

non identical twins , ovum splits only share 50% of genes

Question 28

what are all techniques in biological psychology?

Answer 28

``` 1- stereotaxic surgery 2- cerebral lesions 3- histology 4-neuroanatomy 5- brain stimulation 6- neuro chemistry 7-optogenetics 8- genetic techniques 9- electrophysiological recording 10- neuroimaging 11-animal behaviour ```

Question 29

describe microscopy and histology

Answer 29

microscopy - is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects histology- is the study of micro anatomy of cells, tissues and organs as seen through microscopes fixation makes this process easier.

Question 30

describe immunocytochemistry

Answer 30

changes in animal behaviour that occur during learning or drug administration are correlated by changes In protein expression

Question 31

what techniques that allow immunolocalisation by means of specific antibodies?

Answer 31

Immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry

Question 32

describe the detection of RNA and DNA

Answer 32

we use specific probes to detect portions of mRNA (RNA hybridisation) or DNA (DNA hybridisation). The probes are complementary to the RNA or DNA sequences. typically the probe is radio active

Question 33

how many intelligence is attributed to environmental factors?

Answer 33

30%

Question 34

what is the neurochemical technique of autoradiography

Answer 34

- radioactivity glucose is taken up by the most active neurons in the CNS - these. neurons show more neurophysiological acitivy

Question 35

what is vivo micro dialysis?

Answer 35

-monitor continuously the extracellular fluid concentrations of various neurochemicals in the awake animal

Question 36

what is involved in experimental lesions?

Answer 36

-one of the most important techniques and critical to delineate the functions of specific brain regions `

Question 37

what are irreversible lesions

Answer 37

- aspiration lesions (hippocampus & cortex) | - sectioned into tracs and bundles and also used to disconnect other regions of the brain

Question 38

what are reversible lesions

Answer 38

- involve temporal inactivation of specific regions by means of microinjections of local anaesthetics or ion channel blockers

Question 39

what is an advantages to reversible lesions such as antisense treatment or protein synthesis inhibitors

Answer 39

repeated measures design

Question 40

what is chemical stimulation

Answer 40

-result from combining pharmacological and neuroanatomical methods.

Question 41

what what are osmotic what are osmotic mini pumps

Answer 41

used to administer drugs chronically

Question 42

what is electrical stimulation ?

Answer 42

permanently attached bipolar electrode through which is a weak current is passed on

Question 43

what is optogenetics

Answer 43

mapping brain circuits with light

Question 44

what is transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 44

- noninvasive - depolarisation in neurons - weak electrical currents

Question 45

what has repetitive transcranial receptive stimulation (fTMA) being used for?

Answer 45

-treating neurological and psychiatric disorders

Question 46

what is included electroencephalograms?

Answer 46

EEG is obtained by placing large electrodes in the skull (cortical EEG) or deep into the brain (subcortical EEG)

Question 47

what is an advantage of EEG

Answer 47

shape of EEG wave is correlated with specific states of arousal

Question 48

what is involved in neuroimaging

Answer 48

- computerised tomography - multiple XRAY photographies - combined with software yield a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the brain

Question 49

what is magnetic response imaging?

Answer 49

- high resolution image of the brain | - measures wave hydrogen atoms that are emitted when they become activated by radio frequency

Question 50

what is positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 50

- Nuclear medicine imaging technique | - produces 3 dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body

Question 51

what is functional magnetic resonance?

Answer 51

- specialised MRI | - measure hemodynamic response (change in blood flow )

Question 52

what is fixation?

Answer 52

stops the cells from breaking down - which is helpful to microscopy