Motivation wk 9

Question 1

what is motivation?

Answer 1

the driving force behind behaviour

•Determines aims and goals

Question 2

what are the internal and external factors motivation Is influenced by?

Answer 2

• experience
• beliefs
• physiological state

Question 3

what is drive?

Answer 3

a state of arousal that drives behaviour

Question 4

what are primary drives

Answer 4

innate needs such as food, water and sex

we are focused on things most needed for survival

Question 5

what are secondary drives?

Answer 5

they are learned through associations with primary drives

Question 6

explain the drive reduction theory

Answer 6

unmet needs lead to an unpleasant internal state (we want to reduce this)

behaviour reduces unpleasant states which leads to a drive reduction

therefore drive reduction is pleasant and leads to being repeated in the future.

Question 7

are there any limitation in the drive reduction theory?

Answer 7

• External stimuli can activate drives (e.g., not hungry until smell food).
• Can be motivated to behave in ways that do not reduce drives (e.g., seeking out new experiences, boredom avoidance etc).
• We often engage in behaviours when drives are satisfied.

Question 8

explain the arousal theory?

Answer 8

we are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal

Question 9

what happens if we are too high above out optimum state of arousal

Answer 9

stressed (don’t perform well)

Question 10

what happens if we are below our state of arousal?

Answer 10

bored, don’t perform well

Question 11

what is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Answer 11

An Inverted U-shape relationship between arousal and performance

when arousal is to low or high performance is low

Question 12

what is stimulus hunger?

Answer 12

can occur when under aroused. (a drive for stimulation, to not be bored)

Question 13

explain approach and avoidance theory

Answer 13

they can often be in conflict

the closer we get to our goals, are tendencies tend to increase

Question 14

explain the incentive theory

Answer 14

we are motivated by positive goals

Question 15

what are the two components to incentive theory and what they mean?

Answer 15

intrinsic motivation : internal reward driven

extrinsic motivation: external reward driven

Question 16

what is incentive?

Answer 16

a reward

Question 17

explain expectancy value theory

Answer 17

motivation is influenced by both the value placed on the goal and the perceived ability to attain it

part of the incentive theory

Question 18

explain rewards pathways

Answer 18

system of dopamine producing neurons

extends from the midbrain to the frontal and limbic ares, including nucleus accumbens

Question 19

what role do we reward pathways in motivation

Answer 19

dopamine is released when a stimulus is rewarding - this acts as a learning signal to repeat behaviours

Question 20

humanistic perpective on motivation?

Answer 20

Argues desire for personal growth motivates behaviour

Question 21

what is mallows hierarchy of needs?

what order does it go in, from top to bottom.

Answer 21

physiological needs
safety needs
belonging needs
esteem needs
self actualisation 

lower levels need to be fulfilled before processing to more complex needs

Question 22

explain the hormones etc, involved in increasing and decreasing hunger

Answer 22

gherkin Is a hormone in the stomach that communicates with the hypothalamus to increase hunger

cholecystokinin signals safety and reduces appetite

Question 23

explain set point theories of eating

Answer 23

Individuals have a genetically programmed set point, or optimum level of body fat and metabolism that is maintained by homeostatic mechanisms

Question 24

what are the limitations to the set point theory of eating?

Answer 24

• Conflicts with evolutionary theories
• Does not explain obesity/eating disorders
• Ignores the role of learning and psychosocial facto

Question 25

the positive incentive theory of eating?

Answer 25

the primary reason for eating is the expected pleasureof eating this is due to physiological and evolutionary mechanisms, learnt responses and social influences

Question 26

Glucostatic theory?

Answer 26

hunger/satiety is signalled when blood glucose drops/increase

Question 27

what role does insulin play in hunger?

Answer 27

Released when we eat (allows glucose to enter cells), provides satiety signals to hypothalamus

Question 28

hormones from the stomach/intestines

Answer 28

signal hunger (ghrelin) or satiety (cholecystokinin) to hypothalamus

Question 29

nutrient/stretch receptors in relation to hunger

Answer 29

send messages to hypothalamus to indicate fullness

Question 30

what role does leptin play?

Answer 30

hormone sends signals about fat stores

Question 31

what are the brain mechanism involved in hunger and satiety ?

Answer 31

lateral hypothalamus: damage decreases hunger (no switch) ventromedial hypothalamus: damage increases hunger (no satiety switch)

Question 32

what are the psychosocial factors of eating?

Answer 32

taste of food: innate preference for sweet foods, preference for variety. classical conditioning: conditioned to eat a certain times, response to stimuli presence of others: likely to eat more in the presence of others anxiety reduction:'comfort eating'

Question 33

what are the evolutionary pressures of weight gain/obesity

Answer 33

the ones who ate the most were the most likely to survive when food was scarce

Question 34

what are the cultural pressures of weight gain/obesity

Answer 34

portion distortion 'unit bias' | beliefs around eating

Question 35

what are the physiological and genetic pressures of weight gain/obesity

Answer 35

- Leptin deficiency: difficulty recognising when full and store fat more effectively - Melanocortin- 4 receptor gene mutation -inability to feel full - Polygenic effects - Obesity may damage stretch receptors in stomach

Question 36

how many Australians are overweight?

Answer 36

17 million

Question 37

what are the neuropsychologist pressures of weight gain/obesity?

Answer 37

- Sensitivity to reward: reward pathways, increased motivation to derive pleasure from eating - Reward deficiency syndrome: hypo-activity in the reward pathways. - Excessive eating occurs to increase reward response

Question 38

what are chemicals increase sexual motivation ?

Answer 38

Testosterone: higher levels - higher sex drive serotonin: higher levels - decreased sex drive oxytocin: higher during affectionate interaction genetics: DRD4 protein (dopamine transporter)

Question 39

what are the 4 phase sexual response cycle?

Answer 39

1) excitement 2) Plateau 3) orgasm 4) resolution

Question 40

in the sexual response cycle different for the different gender?

Answer 40

it is the same for males and females

Question 41

what factors impact on sexual behaviour?

Answer 41

- Length of time with partner. - Age –79% of men & 69% of women aged 40-80 were sexually active in past year - Cultural norms influence sexual-related activities and importance of chastity varies.

Question 42

what is interpersonal attraction influenced by?

Answer 42

- proximity and nearness - similarity - reciprocity (give and take) - level of physical attraction

Question 43

sex differences in attraction?

Answer 43

males go for looks and a younger mate women financially stable and older mates both want intelligence dependability and kindness

Question 44

how to people rate and average face?

Answer 44

The more “average” a face is, the more highly rated it is as attractive this holds up across cultures

Question 45

why do people like an average face?

Answer 45

More symmetrical, but may also indicate a general preference for more familiar stimuli

Question 46

what is tern bergs triangular theory of love?

Answer 46

three major elements: - intimacy - commitment - passion - commitment

Question 47

explain infatuation

Answer 47

there's passion but not intimacy or commitment

Question 48

what is fatuous love (triangular theory)

Answer 48

factors love: this is the highest level of commitment and passion but it offers low levels of intimacy

Question 49

what is empty love (triangular love)

Answer 49

this is what people have who are committed but share no passion or intimacy

Question 50

what is compassion love

Answer 50

total package : high strong passion, strong commitment and deep intimacy

Question 51

what does sternberg suggest that hate consists of?

Answer 51

- Negation of intimacy - Passion - Commitment all 3 burning hatred

Question 52

what is achievement motivation

Answer 52

the need to be successful to avoid failure

Question 53

what do high achievers fo?

Answer 53

- Select tasks that are reasonably difficult but attainable | - tend to be more persistent and take more pride in achieving

Question 54

what does achievement motivation include?

Answer 54

performance goals - desire to attain a certain level and focussed outcome

Question 55

what are approach goals

Answer 55

motivation is desire to achieve goals

Question 56

what are avoidance goals

Answer 56

motivation is a fear of failure

Question 57

what are master goals?

Answer 57

desire to improve ability and skills (more instinct value)

Question 58

what happens when motivation goes into overdrive

Answer 58

addiction

Question 59

what are the physical dependence theories of addiction?

Answer 59

Physical dependence -cycle of taking drug, trying to stop, restarting due to unpleasant withdrawal

Question 60

problems with the physical dependance theory of addiction?

Answer 60

- Some drugs (e.g. cocaine) have few withdrawal symptoms. | - Many people with an addiction will have an irregular drug-taking routine.

Question 61

what is the positive incentive theories of addiction?

Answer 61

anticipation and craving of the positive effect associated with take the substance

Question 62

what is the incentive sensitisation theory

Answer 62

the more a drug is used the greater the positive incentive value becomes explains why addicted people crave drugs even when they have developed tolerance to the drug

Question 63

reward pathways and drug addiction

Answer 63

for drugs of dependance , reward pathways are initially activated (dopamine released) during drug use and later by even the expectation of the receiving drug (drug cues)