Motivation wk 9 Flashcards
what is motivation?
the driving force behind behaviour
•Determines aims and goals
what are the internal and external factors motivation Is influenced by?
- experience
- beliefs
- physiological state
what is drive?
a state of arousal that drives behaviour
what are primary drives
innate needs such as food, water and sex
we are focused on things most needed for survival
what are secondary drives?
they are learned through associations with primary drives
explain the drive reduction theory
unmet needs lead to an unpleasant internal state (we want to reduce this)
behaviour reduces unpleasant states which leads to a drive reduction
therefore drive reduction is pleasant and leads to being repeated in the future.
are there any limitation in the drive reduction theory?
- External stimuli can activate drives (e.g., not hungry until smell food).
- Can be motivated to behave in ways that do not reduce drives (e.g., seeking out new experiences, boredom avoidance etc).
- We often engage in behaviours when drives are satisfied.
explain the arousal theory?
we are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal
what happens if we are too high above out optimum state of arousal
stressed (don’t perform well)
what happens if we are below our state of arousal?
bored, don’t perform well
what is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
An Inverted U-shape relationship between arousal and performance
when arousal is to low or high performance is low
what is stimulus hunger?
can occur when under aroused. (a drive for stimulation, to not be bored)
explain approach and avoidance theory
they can often be in conflict
the closer we get to our goals, are tendencies tend to increase
explain the incentive theory
we are motivated by positive goals
what are the two components to incentive theory and what they mean?
intrinsic motivation : internal reward driven
extrinsic motivation: external reward driven
what is incentive?
a reward
explain expectancy value theory
motivation is influenced by both the value placed on the goal and the perceived ability to attain it
part of the incentive theory
explain rewards pathways
system of dopamine producing neurons
extends from the midbrain to the frontal and limbic ares, including nucleus accumbens
what role do we reward pathways in motivation
dopamine is released when a stimulus is rewarding - this acts as a learning signal to repeat behaviours
humanistic perpective on motivation?
Argues desire for personal growth motivates behaviour
what is mallows hierarchy of needs?
what order does it go in, from top to bottom.
physiological needs safety needs belonging needs esteem needs self actualisation
lower levels need to be fulfilled before processing to more complex needs
explain the hormones etc, involved in increasing and decreasing hunger
gherkin Is a hormone in the stomach that communicates with the hypothalamus to increase hunger
cholecystokinin signals safety and reduces appetite
explain set point theories of eating
Individuals have a genetically programmed set point, or optimum level of body fat and metabolism that is maintained by homeostatic mechanisms
what are the limitations to the set point theory of eating?
- Conflicts with evolutionary theories
- Does not explain obesity/eating disorders
- Ignores the role of learning and psychosocial facto
the positive incentive theory of eating?
the primary reason for eating is the expected pleasureof eating
this is due to physiological and evolutionary mechanisms, learnt responses and social influences
Glucostatic theory?
hunger/satiety is signalled when blood glucose drops/increase
what role does insulin play in hunger?
Released when we eat (allows glucose to enter cells), provides satiety signals to hypothalamus
hormones from the stomach/intestines
signal hunger (ghrelin) or satiety (cholecystokinin) to hypothalamus
nutrient/stretch receptors in relation to hunger
send messages to hypothalamus to indicate fullness
what role does leptin play?
hormone sends signals about fat stores
what are the brain mechanism involved in hunger and satiety ?
lateral hypothalamus: damage decreases hunger (no switch)
ventromedial hypothalamus: damage increases hunger (no satiety switch)
what are the psychosocial factors of eating?
taste of food: innate preference for sweet foods, preference for variety.
classical conditioning: conditioned to eat a certain times, response to stimuli
presence of others: likely to eat more in the presence of others
anxiety reduction:’comfort eating’
what are the evolutionary pressures of weight gain/obesity
the ones who ate the most were the most likely to survive when food was scarce
what are the cultural pressures of weight gain/obesity
portion distortion ‘unit bias’
beliefs around eating
what are the physiological and genetic pressures of weight gain/obesity
- Leptin deficiency: difficulty recognising when full and store fat more effectively
- Melanocortin- 4 receptor gene mutation -inability to feel full
- Polygenic effects
- Obesity may damage stretch receptors in stomach
how many Australians are overweight?
17 million
what are the neuropsychologist pressures of weight gain/obesity?
- Sensitivity to reward:
reward pathways, increased motivation to derive pleasure from eating - Reward deficiency syndrome:
hypo-activity in the reward pathways. - Excessive eating occurs to increase reward response
what are chemicals increase sexual motivation ?
Testosterone: higher levels - higher sex drive
serotonin: higher levels - decreased sex drive
oxytocin: higher during affectionate interaction
genetics: DRD4 protein (dopamine transporter)
what are the 4 phase sexual response cycle?
1) excitement
2) Plateau
3) orgasm
4) resolution
in the sexual response cycle different for the different gender?
it is the same for males and females
what factors impact on sexual behaviour?
- Length of time with partner.
- Age –79% of men & 69% of women aged 40-80 were sexually active in past year
- Cultural norms influence sexual-related activities and importance of chastity varies.
what is interpersonal attraction influenced by?
- proximity and nearness
- similarity
- reciprocity (give and take)
- level of physical attraction
sex differences in attraction?
males go for looks and a younger mate
women financially stable and older mates
both want intelligence dependability and kindness
how to people rate and average face?
The more “average” a face is, the more highly rated it is as attractive
this holds up across cultures
why do people like an average face?
More symmetrical, but may also indicate a general preference for more familiar stimuli
what is tern bergs triangular theory of love?
three major elements:
- intimacy
- commitment
- passion
- commitment
explain infatuation
there’s passion but not intimacy or commitment
what is fatuous love (triangular theory)
factors love: this is the highest level of commitment and passion but it offers low levels of intimacy
what is empty love (triangular love)
this is what people have who are committed but share no passion or intimacy
what is compassion love
total package : high strong passion, strong commitment and deep intimacy
what does sternberg suggest that hate consists of?
- Negation of intimacy
- Passion
- Commitment
all 3 burning hatred
what is achievement motivation
the need to be successful to avoid failure
what do high achievers fo?
- Select tasks that are reasonably difficult but attainable
- tend to be more persistent and take more pride in achieving
what does achievement motivation include?
performance goals - desire to attain a certain level and focussed outcome
what are approach goals
motivation is desire to achieve goals
what are avoidance goals
motivation is a fear of failure
what are master goals?
desire to improve ability and skills (more instinct value)
what happens when motivation goes into overdrive
addiction
what are the physical dependence theories of addiction?
Physical dependence -cycle of taking drug, trying to stop, restarting due to unpleasant withdrawal
problems with the physical dependance theory of addiction?
- Some drugs (e.g. cocaine) have few withdrawal symptoms.
- Many people with an addiction will have an irregular drug-taking routine.
what is the positive incentive theories of addiction?
anticipation and craving of the positive effect associated with take the substance
what is the incentive sensitisation theory
the more a drug is used the greater the positive incentive value becomes
explains why addicted people crave drugs even when they have developed tolerance to the drug
reward pathways and drug addiction
for drugs of dependance , reward pathways are initially activated (dopamine released) during drug use and later by even the expectation of the receiving drug (drug cues)
