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112 Brain and Behaviour > Motivation wk 9 > Flashcards

Motivation wk 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is motivation?

A

the driving force behind behaviour

•Determines aims and goals

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2
Q

what are the internal and external factors motivation Is influenced by?

A
  • experience
  • beliefs
  • physiological state
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3
Q

what is drive?

A

a state of arousal that drives behaviour

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4
Q

what are primary drives

A

innate needs such as food, water and sex

we are focused on things most needed for survival

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5
Q

what are secondary drives?

A

they are learned through associations with primary drives

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6
Q

explain the drive reduction theory

A

unmet needs lead to an unpleasant internal state (we want to reduce this)

behaviour reduces unpleasant states which leads to a drive reduction

therefore drive reduction is pleasant and leads to being repeated in the future.

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7
Q

are there any limitation in the drive reduction theory?

A
  • External stimuli can activate drives (e.g., not hungry until smell food).
  • Can be motivated to behave in ways that do not reduce drives (e.g., seeking out new experiences, boredom avoidance etc).
  • We often engage in behaviours when drives are satisfied.
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8
Q

explain the arousal theory?

A

we are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal

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9
Q

what happens if we are too high above out optimum state of arousal

A

stressed (don’t perform well)

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10
Q

what happens if we are below our state of arousal?

A

bored, don’t perform well

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11
Q

what is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

A

An Inverted U-shape relationship between arousal and performance

when arousal is to low or high performance is low

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12
Q

what is stimulus hunger?

A

can occur when under aroused. (a drive for stimulation, to not be bored)

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13
Q

explain approach and avoidance theory

A

they can often be in conflict

the closer we get to our goals, are tendencies tend to increase

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14
Q

explain the incentive theory

A

we are motivated by positive goals

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15
Q

what are the two components to incentive theory and what they mean?

A

intrinsic motivation : internal reward driven

extrinsic motivation: external reward driven

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16
Q

what is incentive?

A

a reward

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17
Q

explain expectancy value theory

A

motivation is influenced by both the value placed on the goal and the perceived ability to attain it

part of the incentive theory

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18
Q

explain rewards pathways

A

system of dopamine producing neurons

extends from the midbrain to the frontal and limbic ares, including nucleus accumbens

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19
Q

what role do we reward pathways in motivation

A

dopamine is released when a stimulus is rewarding - this acts as a learning signal to repeat behaviours

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20
Q

humanistic perpective on motivation?

A

Argues desire for personal growth motivates behaviour

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21
Q

what is mallows hierarchy of needs?

what order does it go in, from top to bottom.

A 
physiological needs
safety needs
belonging needs
esteem needs
self actualisation

lower levels need to be fulfilled before processing to more complex needs

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22
Q

explain the hormones etc, involved in increasing and decreasing hunger

A

gherkin Is a hormone in the stomach that communicates with the hypothalamus to increase hunger

cholecystokinin signals safety and reduces appetite

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23
Q

explain set point theories of eating

A

Individuals have a genetically programmed set point, or optimum level of body fat and metabolism that is maintained by homeostatic mechanisms

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24
Q

what are the limitations to the set point theory of eating?

A
  • Conflicts with evolutionary theories
  • Does not explain obesity/eating disorders
  • Ignores the role of learning and psychosocial facto
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25
Q

the positive incentive theory of eating?

A

the primary reason for eating is the expected pleasureof eating

this is due to physiological and evolutionary mechanisms, learnt responses and social influences

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26
Q

Glucostatic theory?

A

hunger/satiety is signalled when blood glucose drops/increase

27
Q

what role does insulin play in hunger?

A

Released when we eat (allows glucose to enter cells), provides satiety signals to hypothalamus

28
Q

hormones from the stomach/intestines

A

signal hunger (ghrelin) or satiety (cholecystokinin) to hypothalamus

29
Q

nutrient/stretch receptors in relation to hunger

A

send messages to hypothalamus to indicate fullness

30
Q

what role does leptin play?

A

hormone sends signals about fat stores

31
Q

what are the brain mechanism involved in hunger and satiety ?

A

lateral hypothalamus: damage decreases hunger (no switch)

ventromedial hypothalamus: damage increases hunger (no satiety switch)

32
Q

what are the psychosocial factors of eating?

A

taste of food: innate preference for sweet foods, preference for variety.

classical conditioning: conditioned to eat a certain times, response to stimuli

presence of others: likely to eat more in the presence of others

anxiety reduction:’comfort eating’

33
Q

what are the evolutionary pressures of weight gain/obesity

A

the ones who ate the most were the most likely to survive when food was scarce

34
Q

what are the cultural pressures of weight gain/obesity

A

portion distortion ‘unit bias’

beliefs around eating

35
Q

what are the physiological and genetic pressures of weight gain/obesity

A
  • Leptin deficiency: difficulty recognising when full and store fat more effectively
  • Melanocortin- 4 receptor gene mutation -inability to feel full
  • Polygenic effects
  • Obesity may damage stretch receptors in stomach
36
Q

how many Australians are overweight?

A

17 million

37
Q

what are the neuropsychologist pressures of weight gain/obesity?

A
  • Sensitivity to reward:
    reward pathways, increased motivation to derive pleasure from eating
  • Reward deficiency syndrome:
    hypo-activity in the reward pathways.
  • Excessive eating occurs to increase reward response
38
Q

what are chemicals increase sexual motivation ?

A

Testosterone: higher levels - higher sex drive

serotonin: higher levels - decreased sex drive
oxytocin: higher during affectionate interaction
genetics: DRD4 protein (dopamine transporter)

39
Q

what are the 4 phase sexual response cycle?

A

1) excitement
2) Plateau
3) orgasm
4) resolution

40
Q

in the sexual response cycle different for the different gender?

A

it is the same for males and females

41
Q

what factors impact on sexual behaviour?

A
  • Length of time with partner.
  • Age –79% of men & 69% of women aged 40-80 were sexually active in past year
  • Cultural norms influence sexual-related activities and importance of chastity varies.
42
Q

what is interpersonal attraction influenced by?

A
  • proximity and nearness
  • similarity
  • reciprocity (give and take)
  • level of physical attraction
43
Q

sex differences in attraction?

A

males go for looks and a younger mate

women financially stable and older mates

both want intelligence dependability and kindness

44
Q

how to people rate and average face?

A

The more “average” a face is, the more highly rated it is as attractive

this holds up across cultures

45
Q

why do people like an average face?

A

More symmetrical, but may also indicate a general preference for more familiar stimuli

46
Q

what is tern bergs triangular theory of love?

A

three major elements:

  • intimacy
  • commitment
  • passion
  • commitment
47
Q

explain infatuation

A

there’s passion but not intimacy or commitment

48
Q

what is fatuous love (triangular theory)

A

factors love: this is the highest level of commitment and passion but it offers low levels of intimacy

49
Q

what is empty love (triangular love)

A

this is what people have who are committed but share no passion or intimacy

50
Q

what is compassion love

A

total package : high strong passion, strong commitment and deep intimacy

51
Q

what does sternberg suggest that hate consists of?

A
  • Negation of intimacy
  • Passion
  • Commitment

all 3 burning hatred

52
Q

what is achievement motivation

A

the need to be successful to avoid failure

53
Q

what do high achievers fo?

A
  • Select tasks that are reasonably difficult but attainable

- tend to be more persistent and take more pride in achieving

54
Q

what does achievement motivation include?

A

performance goals - desire to attain a certain level and focussed outcome

55
Q

what are approach goals

A

motivation is desire to achieve goals

56
Q

what are avoidance goals

A

motivation is a fear of failure

57
Q

what are master goals?

A

desire to improve ability and skills (more instinct value)

58
Q

what happens when motivation goes into overdrive

A

addiction

59
Q

what are the physical dependence theories of addiction?

A

Physical dependence -cycle of taking drug, trying to stop, restarting due to unpleasant withdrawal

60
Q

problems with the physical dependance theory of addiction?

A
  • Some drugs (e.g. cocaine) have few withdrawal symptoms.

- Many people with an addiction will have an irregular drug-taking routine.

61
Q

what is the positive incentive theories of addiction?

A

anticipation and craving of the positive effect associated with take the substance

62
Q

what is the incentive sensitisation theory

A

the more a drug is used the greater the positive incentive value becomes

explains why addicted people crave drugs even when they have developed tolerance to the drug

63
Q

reward pathways and drug addiction

A

for drugs of dependance , reward pathways are initially activated (dopamine released) during drug use and later by even the expectation of the receiving drug (drug cues)

112 Brain and Behaviour (10 decks)

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