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physiology 2 > senescence > Flashcards

senescence Flashcards

1
Q

primary ageing

A

intrinsic changes occurring with age, unrelated to disease or environmental influences

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2
Q

secondary gang

A

changes caused by the interaction of primary aging with environmental influences or disease provcess

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3
Q

wear and tear

A

free radicals, DNA damage, aggregation of proteins which aren’t cleared, dysfunctional proteins not cleared

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4
Q

processes that cause aging

A
  1. damage caused by oxidative stress
  2. inadequate repair of damage
  3. dysregulation of cell number
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5
Q

ROS

A 
reactive oxygen species 
oxidative stress 
- susceptibility of sugars - glycation 
- susceptibility of mitochondria 
- susceptibility of DNA (somatic mutations, may kill the cell or cause problems)
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6
Q

repair mechanisms

A

DNA - repair, telomeres
protein turnover - ubiquitin, autophagy
membranes - lipid peroxidation

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7
Q

cell number homeostasis

A

limitations to cell division - senescence - hay flick limit, telomeres
cell removal by - necrosis, apoptosis

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8
Q

cellular senescence

A

cels in senescence response to damage/replication
- arresting growth of old/dmagaed/dysfunctional cells
- beneficial early in life, may contribute to aging later - altered secretion of proteases, cytokines, growth factors
accumulation og senescent cells predicts lifespan

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9
Q

changes in body composition

A

decrease in lean body mass, muscular and skeletal mass, decrease in total body water, increase in adipose tissue

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10
Q

cellular changes in aging

A

increase in DNA damage and decrease in DNA repair capacity
decrease if oxidative capacity
accelerated cell senescences
increase in fibrosis, lipofuscin accumulation (oxidised protein/lipid lysosomes)

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11
Q

sarcopaenia

A

loss of muscle mass
predominantly type 2 (fast) muscle loss (shift to type 1)
cause of death may be myogenic or neurogenic
muscle fibre may die to to inactivity or MN loss (cannot survive without being innervated by a motor neurone)

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12
Q

two ways muscle fibres die

A

myogenic - lost due to inactivity

neurogenic - loss due to loss of MN innervation

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13
Q

MN loss

A

loss of myofibres and loss of fine motor control

cannot be improved with strength training

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14
Q

bone and joints

A

bone remodelling - Osteoclasts start to win where resoprtion>formation, progressive mass loss, menopause accelerates loss

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15
Q

osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone mineral density

heightened risk of bone fractures

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16
Q

synovial joints

A

joint flexibility declines, articular cartilage thins, and decrease in tensile stiffness, fatigue resistance and strength
increase in glycosylation and collagen cross linking, loss of proteoglycans
loss of elasticityy tendency toward osteoarthritis

17
Q

CNS ageing effect

A

atrophy
aggressive accumulation
decrease in neurotransmission

18
Q

PNS aging effect

A

reduced regenerative response
demyelination/axonal atrophy/electrophysiology
damped signal transduction
loss of responsiveness of autonomic nervous system
less homeostatic ally adaptive

19
Q

sensory functions

A

deteriorate
touch, vibration, spatial distinction, proprioception, vestibular function
hearing loss - especially high frequency - loss of organ of Corti hair cells and auditory nerve neurones, decrease in cochlear blood supply

20
Q

vision in aging

A

progressive loss of accomodation - presbyopia
decreased ability to alter pupil size in response to light intensity
decreased number of retinal rods and cones

21
Q

central processing deficit

A

difficulty distinguishing words from background noise

22
Q

cognitive functions

A

intelligence, memory and learning decline is not marked in the baseness of dementia
may reflect slowing of central processing
decrease ability to solve novel problems
learn less quickly

23
Q

vascular

A

decrease in arterial compliance and distensibility

24
Q

cardiac

A

increase after load due to decrease arterial compliance
decrease ejection fraction, decrease diastolic relaxation
decrease intrinsic and maximum heart rate
increase in atrioventricular conduction time
blunted baroreflex

25
Q

pulmonary function

A

decrease respiratory muscle strength and endurance
lung volumes decrease gradually
decrease in lung elasticity (compliance)

26
Q

exercise capacity

A

Max O2 uptake declines
decrease muscle mass, CV/pulm function all contribute
elderly CV system - heart less responsive to adrenergics
decrease in response physical conditional

27
Q

kidney and urinary

A

RBF and GFR falls wit h age
decrease in renal mass and tubular transport function
lose responsiveness - changes in Na load
decreased bladder capacity
number of uninhibited contractions increases

28
Q

minor GIT

A

loss of skeletal muscle at both ends of GIT - minor less of function (chewing, swallowing, faecal continence)
atrophy of secretory systems - decrease of exocrine secretion
decrease in liver mass and hepatic blood flow

29
Q

endocrine function

A

increase in insulin resistance and decrease in glucose tolerance
decrease in hypothalamus induce rhythm
increase in ADH release in response to osmolar stimuli
adrenal cortex - cortisol and aldosterone secretion well preserved
thyroid glands - increased incidence of abnormalities, increased PTH levels associated with osteoporosis

30
Q

growth hormones

A 
significant decline 
GH and IGF-1 
adrenal steroids 
menopause - abrupt cessation 
andropause - progressive decline
31
Q

mechanism of loss of GH

A

decrease in peak pulsatility of the hypothalamus

GnRH release no longer pulsitile, decrease in plasma GH and IGF-1

32
Q

adrenal steroids mechanism of reduction

A

age related decline in zona reticularis cell number

33
Q

gonads

A

reduction in hypothalamus stimuli - GnRH
reduction in cell number of gonad secretory cells
- decrease in ovarian reserve, decrease in oestrogen and progesterone
leydig/Sertoli cell atrophy cause decrease in testosterone

34
Q

decrease in ovarian reserve

A

decrease in oestrogen
decrease in negative feedback
increase In LH and FSH
increase in follicular recruitment/atresia
reduction in ovarian reserve ceasing oestrogen production
menopause

physiology 2 (21 decks)

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