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physiology 2 > GIT physiology 2 > Flashcards

GIT physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A

cardia, fundus, corpus (body), antrum

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2
Q

pepsinogen

A

inactivated pepsin (so it doesn’t digest the secreting cell)

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3
Q

3 types of exocrine gland cells in the stomach

A

mucous neck cells - mucus
parietal cells - intrinsic factor and HCL
chief cells - pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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4
Q

2 types of endocrine cells in the stomach

A

G cell - secretes gastrin

D cell - secretes somatostatin

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5
Q

the body is

A

a reservoir

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6
Q

the antrum is

A

a mixer

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7
Q

receptive relaxation

A

sago-vagal response
relaxes the stomach
triggered by stretch of bolus of food
allows stomach to expand

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8
Q

mixing and grinding

A

closure of the pyloric sphincter

rhythmic waves of muscular activity

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9
Q

duodenal distension causes

A

CCK/secretin secretion
causes the stomach to relax to prevent overloading of the duodenum
pyloric sphincter contracts to prevent regurgitation

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10
Q

what controls gastric emptying

A

feedback from the duodenum

acidity, fat, amino acids, hypertonicity, distension

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11
Q

vomiting is stimulated by

A

irritation
balance
limbic system - emotional
blood chemical

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12
Q

mucous neck cells secrete

A

mucus and bicarbonate

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13
Q

mucus secreted in response to

A

tonic secretion (constant) and irritation of mucosa

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14
Q

bicarbonate is for

A

neutralisation - trapped in the mucosa

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15
Q

purpose of mucus

A

physical barrier between the lumen and the epithelium

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16
Q

purpose of bicarbonate

A

buffers gastric acid to prevent damage to epithelium

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17
Q

parietal cells secrete

A

gastric acid and intrinsic factor

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18
Q

gastric acid and intrinsic factor are secreted in response to

A

acetyl choline, gastrin, histamine

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19
Q

purpose of gastric acid

A

activates pepsin, kills bacteria

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20
Q

purpose of intrinsic factor

A

complexes with vitamin B12 to permit absorption

21
Q

enterochromaffin-like cell secretes

A

histamine

22
Q

histamine is secreted in response to

A

acetylcholine, gastrin

23
Q

purpose of histamine

A

stimulates gastric acid secretion

24
Q

chief cells produce

A

pepsinogen, gastric lipase

25
Q

pepsin and gastric lipase are secreted in response to

A

acetylcholine, acid, secretin

26
Q

purpose of pepsin(ogen)

A

digests proteins

27
Q

purpose of gastric lipase

A

digests fats

28
Q

D cells secrete

A

somatostatin

29
Q

somatostatin is secreted in response to

A

acid in the stomach

30
Q

purpose of somatostatin

A

inhibits gastric acid secretion

31
Q

G cells secrete

A

gastrin

32
Q

gastrin secreted in response to

A

acetylcholine, peptides and amino acids

33
Q

purpose of gastrin

A

stimulates gastric acid secretion

34
Q

gastric mucosa surface

A

secretes mucus and HCO3- (acid protection)

35
Q

oxyntic gland area

A

acid producing
body and fundus (proximal 80%)
secretes HCl, pepsinogen, IF, mucus

36
Q

pyloric gland area

A

antrum (distal 20%)
produces mucus
secrets gastrin (G and D cells)

37
Q

mechanism for acid secretion

A

maximal in gastric secretions

proton pump which actively transports H+ out in exchange for K+ in

38
Q

proton pumps are located

A

in the canalicular membrane of the secreting cell, in vessicles in quiescent cell

39
Q

hydrochloric acid produced from

A

CO2 in the blood being made into carbonic acid

40
Q

for every mole of hydrochloric acid produced

A

one mole of bicarbonate is produced

41
Q

when inactive proton pumps are

A

stored in vessicles so they can’t be activated

42
Q

to activate proton pumps

A

vessicles containing them are exocytosed

43
Q

3 hormones activated exocytosing of proton pump containing vesicles

A

acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin

44
Q

stimulants of gastrin release from G cells

A

vagal stimulation
small proteins and protein digestion products
antral distension

45
Q

gastrin release is inhibited by

A

acid
somatostatin
blood borne - secretin, GIP, VIP, glucagon, calcitonin

46
Q

roles of gastrin

A

stimulate acid from parietal cells
release histamine from ECL cells
release pepsinogen from chief cells

47
Q

D cells

A

when stomach pH is too low secrete somatostatin to stop gastrin production to stop acid production
pH sensitive

48
Q

parietal cells produce

A

acid

49
Q

mucus gel contains

A

muffins (glycoproteins) plus trefoil factor (peptides) which stabilise the mucous layer

physiology 2 (21 decks)

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