respiratory 1

Question 1

conducting some of the respiratory system

Answer 1

respiratory passages that carry air to the site of gas exchange
filters, humidifies and warms air

Question 2

respiratory zone of the respiratory organs

Answer 2

site of gas exchange 
composed of 
- respiratory bronchioles 
- alveolar ducts 
- alveolar sacs

Question 3

respiratory membrane

Answer 3

air-blood barrier

• oxygen diffuses from air an alveolus to blood in capillary
• carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in capillary to air in the alveolus

Question 4

capillaries around alveoli

Answer 4

spread around the surface of the alveoli to match the surface area

Question 5

alveoli interconnect by

Answer 5

alveolar pores

Question 6

functions of the Plura

Answer 6

• reduction of friction
• create suction
• compartmentalisation two prevents infection

Question 7

Boyle’s law

Answer 7

gas pressure is closed container is inversely proportional to volume of the container
gas will fro from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure

Question 8

to get air to the alveoli

Answer 8

their pressure must be reduced below atmospheric pressure

Question 9

how is air pressure is the alveoli reduced below atmospheric

Answer 9

increase chest volume

Question 10

tidal breathing

Answer 10

only the diaphragm muscle is used, intercostal is active in inspiration
expiration is a passive process relying on elastic recoil of lungs, chest wall, abdominal contents

Question 11

in forced breathing

Answer 11

inspiration recruits other muscles
- the pectoral muscles, scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles
- inverse reserve volume
forced costal expiration
- internal intercostals, transverse thoracic muscles, rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique transversus abdominus
- pelvic flood muscles must be active too

Question 12

intra-pleural pressure

Answer 12

pressure between visceral and parietal pleura
sucks lungs to the chest wall
must always be negative

Question 13

if intra-pleural pressure is positive

Answer 13

pneumothorax will occur due to the lung collapsing because suction is lost

Question 14

intra-pleural pressure quantity

Answer 14

-5 cm H2O

Question 15

intra-pleural pressure changes depending on

Answer 15

whether you’re breathing in or out

Question 16

trans-airway pressure

Answer 16

the difference between the trachea and the plueral pressure

difference must be positive

Question 17

if the trans-airway pressure is negative

Answer 17

airways may collapse during forced expiration

Question 18

transpulmonary pressure

Answer 18

pressure between alveolar and pleural pressure

must be positive otherwise the lung will collapse

Question 19

alveolar pressure changes depending on

Answer 19

whether you’re breathing in or out

Question 20

atmospheric pressure is

Answer 20

760 mm Hg

Question 21

intra pleural pressure is

Answer 21

756 mm Hg

Question 22

alveolar pressure is

Answer 22

varies with insp/exp

Question 23

inspiration

Answer 23

diaphragm and intercostal contract
increases volume of the thoracic cavity
lung volume increases
alveolar pressure decreases

Question 24

alveolar pressure during insp

Answer 24

758 mm Hg

Question 25

expiration

Answer 25

muscles relax - or active if forced expiration
volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
lung volume decreases
alveolar pressure increases

Question 26

alveolar pressure during expiration

Answer 26

763 mm Hg

Question 27

total lung capacity

Answer 27

6L

Question 28

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 28

difference between maximum tidal and total lung capacity

Question 29

maximum voluntary expiration

Answer 29

point at total - residual volume

Question 30

residual volume

Answer 30

amount that always remains in the lungs

Question 31

inspiratory capacity

Answer 31

tidal + inspiratory reservee

Question 32

vital capacity

Answer 32

total - residual volume

Question 33

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 33

different between lowest tidal and residual volume

Question 34

functional residual capacity

Answer 34

total - inspiratory capacity

Question 35

normal total volume

Answer 35

500ml

Question 36

normal inspiratory reserve

Answer 36

3100ml M / 1900ml F

Question 37

normal expiratory reserve

Answer 37

1200ml M / 700ml F

Question 38

normal residual volume

Answer 38

1200ml M / 1100ml F

Question 39

normal functional residual capacity

Answer 39

2400ml M / 1800ml F

Question 40

normal vital capacity

Answer 40

4800ml M/ 3100ml F

Question 41

normal total lung capacity

Answer 41

6L M / 4.2L F

Question 42

normal inspiratory capacity

Answer 42

3600ml M / 2400ml F

Question 43

what can’t be measured by spirometry

Answer 43

residual volume

Question 44

how to measure residual capacity

Answer 44

spike with helium and measure concentration over time

Question 45

lung volumes and work

Answer 45

inflation of lungs above functional residual capacity required the respiratory muscle to generate sufficient pressure to expand the lung - overcome elastic recoil
deflection below FRC required expiratory muscles to compress the chest to overcome chest stiffness

Question 46

dead space

Answer 46

some inspired air never contributes to gas exchange

Question 47

alveolar dead space

Answer 47

alveoli that cause to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction

Question 48

total dead space

Answer 48

sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space - all non useful volume

Question 49

anatomical dead space

Answer 49

volume of conductive zone conduits approx. 150ml

Question 50

minute ventilation

Answer 50

TV x f
total volume x frequency (breaths/min)
volume of air expired per minute

Question 51

alveolar ventilation

Answer 51

(TV-DV) x f

total volume - dead volume x frequency

Question 52

alveolar ventilation effieicny

Answer 52

increase frequency or increase volume

invreasing volume by taking deeper breaths is more efficient that increasing frequency

Question 53

rapid shallow breathing

Answer 53

does not increase alveolar ventilation due to the effects of dead space