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physiology 2 > GIT physiology 3 > Flashcards

GIT physiology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

carbohydrates are digested by

A

name-ases

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2
Q

proteins are digested by

A

proteases/peptidases

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3
Q

fats are digested by

A

lipases

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4
Q

epithelial cells lining the pancreatic ducts

A

duct cells

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5
Q

duct cells secrete

A

HCO3-, Na+, K+ and water

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6
Q

enzymes are secreted by

A

acinar cells

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7
Q

pancreatic secretions pH

A

alkaline

about pH 8

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8
Q

functions of the pancreatic secretions

A

digestion of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
neutralising pH of acid chyme entering the duodenum
create suitable pH for pancreatic digestive enzymes

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9
Q

major pancreatic enzymes

A 
trypsin 
chymotrypsin 
carboxypeptidases
elastases
nucleases
pancreatic amylase
pancreatic lipase
cholesterol esterase
phospholipase
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10
Q

why is the pancreas not digested

A

proteases are synthesised in an inactive form

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11
Q

trypsinogen

A

inactive form of trypsin

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12
Q

trypsinogen is activated by

A

enterokinase

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13
Q

tryspin

A

activates others eg. chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase

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14
Q

acute pancreatitis

A

pancreas may digest itself within hours

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15
Q

synthesis and exocytosis of enzymes are controlled by

A

CCK and ACh

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16
Q

inactive proteases are synthesised and stores as

A

zymogen granules

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17
Q

regulation of pancreatic secretion

A
  • acetyl choline
  • secretin
  • cholecystokinin
  • somatostatin
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18
Q

cephalic phase

A

acetyl choline from vagus nerve

does not result in any secretion into the duodenum, just starts production

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19
Q

secretin and cholecystokinin

A

produced by chemically sensitive cells in the duodenum

not initiated until gastric emptying

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20
Q

cholecystokinin produced by

A

gut mucosal “I” cells

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21
Q

secretin released in response to

A

acid in the duodenum

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22
Q

secretin acts on

A

duct cells - produce bicarbonate

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23
Q

secretin is produced by

A

duodenal “S” cells

24
Q

somatostatin produced by

A

intestinal “D” cells

25
Q

cholecystokinin secreted in response to

A

duodenal fat and protein

26
Q

cholecystokinin acts on

A

enzyme production/secretion by acinar cells

opens duodenal papilla - CCK receptors on the smooth muscle on the sphincter of oddi

27
Q

sphincter of oddi

A

allows pancreatic juices and bile to enter

28
Q

somatostatin acts on

A

is inhibitory

29
Q

3 phases of pancreatic secretiion

A
  1. cephalic phase
  2. gastric phase
  3. intestinal phase
30
Q

cephalic phase controlled by

A

vagus nerve

31
Q

gastric phase

A

gastrin binds CCK-receptos

32
Q

intestinal phase

A

CCK, secretin and ACh released

33
Q

S cells produce

34
Q

stimulus to secrete secretin

A

H+ ion contact with mucosal S calls

also protein catabolites

35
Q

half life of secretin

A

short - 5 mins

36
Q

main action of secretin

A

stimulates HCO3- secretion by pancreas duct cells
neuropeptide
decreases gastric H+ secretion
causes pyloric sphincter contraction

37
Q

I cells secrete

38
Q

stimulus for CCK secretion

A

long chain fatty acids, peptides, AAs, (generally protein digestion products

39
Q

CCK is inhibited by

A

trypsin in lumen and somatostatin from D cells in the small intestine

40
Q

main action of CCK

A

stimulates pancreatic acinar cell enzyme production and secretin
relaxation of the sphincter of odd
neuropeptide
inhibits gastric emptying, stimulates enetrokinase synthesis, enhances intestinal motility, glucagon release

41
Q

bile stored in

A

gall bladder

42
Q

bile discharged into

43
Q

role of bile

A

emulsifies fats to increase access to lipases

44
Q

bile acids synthesised from

A

cholesterol

45
Q

bile acids synthesised by

A

hepatocytes

46
Q

bile acids conjugated with

A

glycine or taurine
ionises the bile acids
prevents immediate reabsorption

47
Q

2 degree bile acids converted by

A

converted by bacteria
removes glycine/taurine
enables reabsorption

48
Q

why are bile acids conjugated

A

to prevent immidiate reabsorption

49
Q

conversion to 2 degree bile acids enables

A

reabsorption

50
Q

bile acids cycle between

A

the liver and the small intestine

51
Q

total bile acid pool

52
Q

percentage bile acids lost daily

53
Q

the biliary system

A

produces bile
remove excess cholesterol
remove bilirubin by modifying it

54
Q

things lost by diffusion in the biliary system

A
  • water
  • glucose
  • calcium
  • glutathione
  • amino acids
  • urea
55
Q

causes of gallstone

A

too much absorption of water from bile
too much absorption of bile acids from bile
too much cholesterol in bile
immflamuation of epithelium

56
Q

bile is release in response to

57
Q

pancreatic secretion is regulated by

A

ACh, secretin, and CCK

physiology 2 (21 decks)

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