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physiology 2 > kidney 1 > Flashcards

kidney 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the kidney excrete

A

metabolic products - urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin
foreign substances - pesticides, chemicals etc.
excess substance - water etc.

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2
Q

order of parts of the nephron

A 
glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule 
thin descending limb of loop of henle 
thick ascending limb of loop of henle 
distal convoluted tubule 
collecting duct
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3
Q

nephrons

A

renal corpuscle (glomerulus and bowman’s capsule) and both convoluted tubules in cortex, loop of henle extend to medulla

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4
Q

nephritis empty into

A

the collecting duct

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5
Q

2 types of nephrons

A
  • cortical

- juxtamedullary

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6
Q

cortical nephrons

A

80% of nephrons

- renal corpuscle in outer portion of cortex and short loops of henle extend only into outer region of medulla

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7
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

other 20%

  • renal corpuscle deep in cortex and long loops of henle extending deep into the medulla
  • peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
  • ascending limb has defined thick and thin regions
  • enable kidney to secrete very dilute or very concentrated urine
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8
Q

what does the glomerulus do

A

filters blood plasma

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9
Q

what does the glomerulus look like

A

ball like tuft of glomerular capillaries

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10
Q

afferent arteriole

A

supplies the glomerulus capillaries

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11
Q

efferent arteriole

A

drains the glomerulus
subdivides the peritubular capillaries
which later rejoin to form venues and the renal vein

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12
Q

glomerulus grains to the

A

efferent arteriole of the renal artery

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13
Q

2 main parts of the renal artery

A

afferent and efferent arteriole

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14
Q

driver of glomerular filtration

A

pressure within the glomerulus

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15
Q

what determines the pressure within the glomerulus

A

the diameter of the efferent vs. the afferent arteriole

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16
Q

glomerular filtration

A

water and most solutes in plasma filter out of glomerular capillaries into bowman’s capsule > renal tubule

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17
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

as filtered fluid moves along the tubule and through collecting duct, about 99% of water and many useful solutes is reabsorbed to the peritubular space and returned to blood

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18
Q

tubular secretion

A

material is secreted into tubular fluid (such as wastes, drugs, excess ions) - removes substances from blood

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19
Q

solute excretion =

A

glomerular filtration + secretion - reabsorption

20
Q

efferent arteriole drains to

A

peritubular capillaries (vasa recta), peritubular venule, renal vein

21
Q

net filtration pressure is a balance of 2 pressures

A
  • pressures that promote filtration

- pressure that promote reabsorption

22
Q

pressures that promote filtration

A
  • capillary hydrostatic pressure

- interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

23
Q

pressures that promote reabsorption

A
  • plasma colloid osmotic pressure

- interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

24
Q

net filtration pressure is equal to

A

pressures that promote filtration - pressures that promote reabsorption

25
glomerular filtration
fluids move across the glomerular capillary in response to net glomerular hydrostatic pressure
26
whaat can't be filtered
cells, platelets protein complexes large/medium sized proteins large things
27
glomerular filtration rate depends on
- permeability of the membrane - surface area of the membrane - filtration pressure
28
3 barriers to cross in filtration
- glomerular capillary wall - pores between endothelial cell - basement membrane - collagen and glycoproteins - podocytes - filtration slits between cellular foot processess
29
charge of the basement membrane
negative charges of the basement membrane repel anions so they get retained in blood while positively charged things go through
30
homeostasis in the kidney
requires kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR too high - too quick for reabsorption too low - excessive reabsorption, some waste products not adequately excreted - renal hypoxia
31
NFP =
net filtration pressure = | GBHP - CHP - BCOP
32
GBHP
glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure | the blood pressure of the glomerular capillaries forcing water and solutes through filtration slits
33
CHP
capsular hydrostatic pressure the hydrostatic pressure exerted against the filtration membrane by fluid already in the capsular space and represents back pressure
34
BCOP
blood colloid osmotic pressure | due to the presence of proteins in blood plasma and also opposes filtration
35
controlling filtration pressure
renal arteriolar resistance efferent arteriole constriction - reduced renal blood flow - increases GFR afferent arteriole constriction - reduces renal blood flow - reduced GFR
36
three mechanisms of regulating GFR
- renal auto regulation - neural regulation - hormonal regulation
37
renal autoregulation
kidneys themselves maintain constant renal blood flow and GFR using - myogenic mechanism - tubuloglomerular mechanisms
38
myogenic mechanism
occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle cells in afferent arterioles which reduced GFR
39
tubuloglomerular mechanism
macula dense provides feedback to glomerulus, inhibits release of NO causing afferent arterioles to sonctrict and decreasing GFR
40
what is the point of auto regulation of GFR and RBF
the kidneys are able to maintain a constant renal blood flow and GFR over a large range of arterial pressures
41
myogenic auto regulation occurs in response to
slight changes in blood pressure - control at the local level - increase in mean arterial blood pressure automatically induces vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole, causing decreased flow, decreased GFR and bringing is back to normal - decrease in mean arterial blood pressure induces afferent arteriole vasodilation, increase in flow and GFR, and bringing GFR back to normal levels
42
juxtaglomerular apparatus
a collection of densely packed epithelial cells at the TAL/DCT junction juxtaposed two its own glomerulus, between afferent and efferent arterioles - position enables it to rapidly alter glomerular resistance in response to changes in the flow rate through the distal nephron
43
sympathetic nerves affecting GFR
release NA shuts down GI blood flow vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole decreases GFR and renal blood flow
44
circulating hormones affecting GFR
atrial natriuretic peptide - increases afferent and decreases efferent which increases pressure and therefore increases GFR angiotensin - blood pressure control - operates via positive feedback, increases MAP by vasoconstricting
45
intraglomerular mesanggial cells
smooth muscle regulated intraglomerular capillary blood Flow MC contraction is couples with contraction of the glomerular capillary endothelium basement membrane decrease in surface area causing decrease in GFR

physiology 2 (21 decks)

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