respiratory 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what generates respiratory rhythm

A

medullary respiratory centres

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2
Q

medullary respiratory centres receive input from

A

chemoreceptors
proprioceptors
airway receptos
hah centres

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3
Q

depth is determined by

A

depth is determined by how actively the respiratory centre stimulates the respiratory muscles

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4
Q

timing is determined by

A

when, and low long the respiratory centre is active

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5
Q

how many respiratory ce3ntres

A

5

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6
Q

respiratory centres

A

2 in the pons - pneumotaxic and apneustic

3 in the medulla - ventral and dorsal, and pre-botszinger

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7
Q

pre-botzinger complex

A

the pacemaker
for quiet tidal breathing
spontaneously discharging neuron

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8
Q

pre botzinger complex talks to

A

dorsal respiratory group which controls the phrenic nerve

emits repetitive bursts of inspiratory actin potentials - once these stop, expiration can happen

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9
Q

basic rhythm of quiet tidal breathing

A

when inspiratory area is active, diaphragm actively contracts

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10
Q

dorsal respiratory group receives input from

A

higher centres
pontine centres (bpneustic/pneumitaxic)
CNS and peripheral chemoreceptors
respiratory muscles

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11
Q

forced breathing

A

involves different inspiratory and expiratory muscles (not just phrenic nerve)
so Ventral respiratory centre does this

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12
Q

Ventral respiratory centre

A

inactive during quiet breathing
extra respiratory drive
contribute to expiration (major) and inspiration
NB during heavy exercise

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13
Q

pontine respiratory centres

A

influence/modify prebot/DRG?VRRG activity

coordinatore transition between inhalation and exhalation - smooth out transitions

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14
Q

apneustic area

A

inhibits inspiratory switch off - prolongs inspiration

longer inspiratory reduces respiratory frequency and increases depth

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15
Q

pneumotaxic area

A

limits inspiration

this increases respiration rate and decreases depth

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16
Q

decreased blood pH Amy indicate

A

CO2 retention
accumulation of lactic acid
excess ketone bodies (eg. diabetes mellitus)

17
Q

how does pH effect respiration

A

CO2 receptors are next to the respiratory centres
direct pH in cerebrospinal fluid - medullary control
peripheral receptors - in arterial blood, only used when arterial blood has really low oxygen

18
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

beneath ventral surface of the medulla
excites other portions of the respiratory centres - increase rate and depth of breathing
highly sensitive to changes in either CO2 or H+ in CSF

19
Q

how does CSF get acidic

A

CO2 diffuses across the blood brain barrier, H+ does not
carbonic anhydrase is on the medulla surface
this converts CO2 into carbonic acid which liberates protons

20
Q

regulation of ventilation

A

peripheral chemoreceptors
located in the carotid and the aorta arteries
specialised cells that sense hypoxaemia (major)
can also be affected by pH, pCO2, and temperature sensitive (minor)

21
Q

aortic bodes

A

peripheral chemoreceptor
on aorta
send sensory info to medulla through vagus nerve

22
Q

carotid bodies

A

peripheral chemoreceptor
at fork of common carotid artery
send info mainly through glossopharyngeal nerve

23
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors react to

A

pO2

don’t get triggered until arterial pO2 in 60mmHg - severe hypoxaemia

24
Q

hypothalamus and limbic system influence

A

modify rate/depth
eg. breath holding in anger or gasping in pain
increases in body temp cause increase in response rate
cortical controls - direct signals from the cerebral motor cortex that bypass medullary controls eg. voluntary breath holding

25
vagal airway receptors
upper | sense flow, temperature, pressure, muscle contraction, obstruction
26
myelinated pulmonary receptors
middle airway receptors | mechanoirritant - respond to irritation of the airways by initiating cough reflex or bronchoconstriction
27
non myelinated pulmonary receptors
lower receptors stimulated by chemicals airway defines reflexes - tachypnoea, mucous secretion
28
inflation reflex
hiring-breuer reflex stretch receptors in airways that are dominant regulator of breathing inhibitory signals to the medullary centres to end inhalation acts as a protective response to prevent over inflation
29
cough reflex
larynx, carina, bronchi and trachea are very sensitive to light touch 1. inspire 2. close epiglottis, shut vocal cords 3. contract abdominal/intercostals 4. open epiglottis and vocal cords 5. air explodes out and carries foreign matter
30
respiratory adjustments
adjustments are geared to intensity and duration brain - psychological stimuli - anticipation of exercise, cortical motor activation proprioceptor impulses