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physiology 2 > endocrine control 1 > Flashcards

endocrine control 1 Flashcards

1
Q

humoral activation of hormone release

A

endocrine organ respons to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood

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2
Q

neural activation of hormone release

A

stimulation by nerve eg. fight or flight secreted noradrenaline and adrenaline

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3
Q

hormonal activation of hormone release

A

stimulation received from other hormones

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4
Q

3 types of hormones

A

hydrophilic - protein/peptide hormone
really small variable -tyrosine-derived hormone
hydrophobic - steroid hormone

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5
Q

steroid hormones

A 
testosterone 
estradiol 
progesterone 
cortisol
aldosterone 
vitamin D
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6
Q

protein/peptide hormones stored in

A

secretory granules or vesicles

exocytosis release

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7
Q

protein/peptide hormones

A

hydrophilic - bind cell surface receptors and activate intracellular signalling paths
rapid acting, short lived

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8
Q

inactivation of protein/peptide hormones

A

internalised by receptor mediated endocytosis

sequestered by kidney - excreted

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9
Q

steroid hormones

A

lipids - derived from cholesterol

lipophilic - required transport proteins, bind intracellular receptors

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10
Q

types of steroid hormones

A

cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone and progesterone

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11
Q

inactivation of steroid hormones

A

inactivated in the liver

  1. cytochrome P450 oxidase
  2. conjugated
  3. excretion in bile
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12
Q

steroid secreting cells

A

have abundant smooth ER - as opposed to rough endoplasmic reticulum in protein secreting cells
steroid directly diffused across plasma membrane - not exocytosis
abundant lipid droplets - raw material from which steroids are made

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13
Q

steroid can directly diffuse across

A

plasma membranes

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14
Q

steroid hormones bind

A

intracellular receptors

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15
Q

tyrosine derived hormones

A

thyroid hormone, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine
lili soluble
inactivated by enzymatic degradation
need carrier proteins, bind intracellular receptors (behaves like a steroid)

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16
Q

inactivation of tyrosine derived hormones

A

enzymatic degradation by COMT and MAO

17
Q

thyroid hormones bind

A

nucelar receptors

18
Q

dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline bind

A

extracellular receptors

19
Q

sensitivity is determined by

A
  • number of receptors
  • affinity of the receptor
  • down stream signalling molecules
20
Q

the capacity to response (maximal response) is determined by

A

the number of functional cells

21
Q

overload desensitisation

A

prolonged exposure to stimulate decrease cells response to the level of exposure
allows receptors to response to changes in concentration of a signal rather than absolute concentration

22
Q

HPX axis

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, end organ

23
Q

neural part of the pituitary

A

posterior pituitary

24
Q

anedohypothesis

A

anterior pituitary - glandular

produces hormones and secretes them

25
Q

hypothalamic hypophyseal tract

A

tract of neurons

reach down to the posterior pituitary

26
Q

hypothalamic hypophyseal portal

A

hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary by releasing tropic hormones into the blood stream into the portal vessel
high local concentration of local trophic hormones delivered quickly

27
Q

posterior pituitary controlled by

A

hypothalamus hypophyseal tract

28
Q

anterior pituitary controlled by

A

hypothalamic hypophyseal portal

29
Q

posterior pituitary main hormones

A

hormone synthesis in hypothalamus, travel down the axon to PP
released into capillaries when stimulated

oxytocin - acts of the breasts and uterus, involved in control of lactation and uterine contraction
ADH - antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin, involved in H2O re-absorption in kidney

30
Q

hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary by

A

releasing hormones
- travel to adenohypophysis via hypothalamic hypophyseal portal circulation
travel to specific cells in anterior pituitary to stimulate synthesis and secretion of trophic hormones

31
Q

corticotropin releasing hormones CRH

A

stimulates ACTH secretion

32
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH

A

stimulates TSH and prolactin secretion

33
Q

growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH

A

stimulates GH secretion

34
Q

somatostatin

A

inhibits GH and other hormone secretion

35
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH

A

stimulates LH and FSH secretion

36
Q

prolactin releasing hormone PRH

A

stimulates PRL secretion

37
Q

dopamine

A

inhibits PRL secretion

physiology 2 (21 decks)

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