semester two exam :)

Question 1

Selective attention

Answer 1

• mechanism that enables us to process relevant information inputs, thoughts or actions while ignoring irrelevant or distracting ones

Question 2

Dividing attention

Answer 2

Some tasks are hard to combine
• texting and attending a lecture
• talking on the phone and watching tv
• reading and driving

Question 3

Developmental psychology:

Answer 3

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life.

Piagets theory of cognitive development:

1. Sensori-motor stage (birth to 2 years)
2. Pre-operational stage (2 to 7 years)
3. Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years)
4. Formal operational stage (11 years and up)

Question 4

Maslow’s humanistic theory:

Answer 4

• belief that people are born inherently good and that they try to reach their potential throughout their lives.
• Many humanists reject religion and the idea that humans are only good because of fear of punishment from God or because of the desire to be rewarded by God.

Question 5

Eysenck and allports theory

Similarities:

Answer 5

• Common traits such as extraversion~ sociable, talkative, excited, aggressive and impulsive and introversion~anxiety, care, thoughtfulness and calmness
• Eysenck further developed extraversion and introversion but came up with neuroticism and psychoticism

Question 6

Groups:

Answer 6

• defined as two or more people who interact with and influence each other for more than a few moments.
• Group members do not have to like each other or be friends.
• We are members of some groups without choice e.g. families, class group
• But many groups are chosen e.g. friends or teams
Size of a group:
• The presence of others can lead to heightened arousal and a diminished sense of responsibility.
Cooperation:
• encourage cooperation rather the competition, make sure everyone has the same goal
Competition
. increases solidarity
.intergroup hostilty

Deindividuation
• Abandoning usual restraints to join in group behavior is known as deindividuation

Question 7

Zimbardo et al (1970)

Answer 7

• Examined the impact of deindividuation on students’ willingness to deliver electric shocks to another student.

Question 8

Asch (1950s)

Answer 8

• Participants would walk into a room with about 4 other people
• They would sit at a long table and assist the experimenter in a perception task – looking at comparison lines
• 75% or participants “made a mistake” and went along with the group on at least one occasion
• People alone erred less than 1% of the time

Question 9

Tripartite model

Answer 9

• An attitude consists of three components:
– Affective
• feelings and emotions about the attitude object
– Behaviour
• actions; how our attitude influences how we act or behave
– Cognitions
• thoughts; our beliefs and knowledge about the attitude object
example:
– A: I am scared of snakes
– B: If I see a snake, I will run away
– C: I believe that snakes are dangerous

Question 10

daydreaming

Answer 10

attention shifts from external stimuli to internal ones.

they often involve alternate ways of doing things

Question 11

meditation

Answer 11

helps people relax physically and mentally to achieve inner calm.

Question 12

hypnosis

Answer 12

sleep like state of deep relaxation

Question 13

projective tests

Answer 13

• Blotch tests 10 cards describe what he or she sees

* TAT tests where the person is shown 10 pictures and are asked to make up a story about the picture

Question 14

role of play

physical

Answer 14

Play permits expression of developing motor skills (running, jumping, throwing, climbing). Outdoor play helps to promote children’s physical well-being, coordination, muscle development, and healthy weights

Question 15

role of play

cogntive

Answer 15

Children who engage in social and dramatic play are viewed as more intellectually and socially competent by their teachers.
Outdoor play helps to promote children’s attention, conflict resolution. Children show improved story comprehension and develop a stronger theory of mind,

Question 16

role of play

emotional

Answer 16

Helps kids to learn how to interact with one another in a democratic and fair way. Play contributes to the development of self-regulation and social skills such as turn-taking, collaboration and following rules, empathy, and motivation

Question 17

nature

Answer 17

nature is your genes and personality.

your genes stay the same no matter where you grew up or personal experiences

Question 18

nurture

Answer 18

refers to personal experiences

for example an individual got a trait of being tall but as a child were malnourished and because of this growth stunted