Chapter 1 year 12 Flashcards
human nervous system
~is divided into two different divisions.
~even though they are separate they both play a significant role
CNS
~ brain and spinal cord
~spinal cord delicate cable of nerve fibres that connect the base of brain to lower back
CNS damage
~spinal cord damaged, flow of info between brain and rest of body interrupted
~loss sensation of specific limbs
~ inability to move specific limb
PNS
~ all nerves outside of CNS
~role to carry sensory info to rest of body and motor info to other parts of body
~ the CNS and PNS work together smoothly to enable us to perform everyday actions
Somatic nervous system
~ skeletal nervous system
~sensory role-info receptors-body transmitting info spinal cord
~ controls voluntary movement
~ motor messages from CNS-transmits skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system
~ nerves connected to CNS and involuntary muscles that control internal organs + glands
~controls all involuntary internal activities that are essential to survive
Sympathetic nervous system
~ dominates during time high emotion
~ mobilises bodies internal activities extra energy for threat or emergency
Parasympathetic nervous system
~ reverses sympathetic nervous system effects
~ returns body to normal healthy state
Hindbrain
~important part ANS
~base of brain
Midbrain
~ between hindbrain
~ helps us alert, awake or vigilant
Forebrain
~ located above midbrain
~ most developed part
~ responsible for memory, learning, emotions, sensations and reasoning
cerebral cortex
~ largest brain structure
Corpus Callosum
~ two hemispheres of the brain separated deep groove by thick band nerves
~major job is to pass info from one hemisphere to the other for processing
Paul Broca
~ studied patients with language defect
~ left temporal lobe close to primary auditory cortex responsible
~ wernick’s ashasia
~ difficulty comprehending language and producing speech
~difficulty meaning of words
~ sometimes made up words used
spatial neglect
~ damage to parietal lobe of either hemisphere can result spatial neglect
~tendency to ignore one side of ones body or one side of visual space.
spilt brain studies
~ operation- brain surgery involving cutting of the corpus callosum-interrupts flow between hemispheres
~ stops epilepsy
heredity
~ sperm penetrates lining ovum or egg…release genetic material form new cell zygotic
~
hormones
~ chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands
~ when act influence interest in food, sex, moods and growth
~ genes effect how we think, feel and behave
~messages sent by nervous system work quick like email
~ hormone messages are like snail mail.
frontal lobe
~ integrates information received from other brain areas or structures
~controls voluntary movement
~right side of frontal lobe controls left side body therefore left side frontal lobe controls right side of body
~ largest lobe
temporal lobe
~ auditory information is received by both ears and is transmitted directly to each temporal lobe-main site hearing registers
~ different parts of the auditory cortex respond to different pitch
~ primary auditory is specalised to hear non-verbal sounds- also associated with language
occipital lobe
~major visual area
~primary visual cortex-processes visual information transmitted from both retinas
~ when retina in one eye receives an image-divided into right visual field and left
~information from the right visual field of each eye Is transmitted to the primary visual cortex in the left occipital lobe, info from left visual field goes to the primary visual cortex in right occipital lobe
~ info in one hemisphere must go to the other for processing
parietal lobe
~ responsible for touch, temp, pressure etc
~primary somatosensory cortex is a strip of neurons
~ sensations located in sensory receptors located throughout body are registered and processed in the somatosensory cortex
~ parietal lobe helps us determine where we are in space, therefore involved in coordination and movement
damaged parietal lobe
~ lose sensations in body area
~ clumsy
~confuse left and right
~ difficulties with spatial skills
temporal lobe damage
~ unable to remember previously known facts and skills
~ inappropriate emotional responses
occipital lobe damage
~visual impairment even if eyes and optic nerves are uninjured
~ eg tumour in one of their optic nerves may experience blind spot in vision.
role of synapses
~neural transmission occurred when an electrical impulse from one neuron triggered in another through visual contact
~ this was incorrect
~ they rely on chemical balances in the cell and electrical transmissions of impulses through neuron
neurotransmitter
dopamine
~dopamine
~influences learning, attention and emotion
~ excess dopamine receptor activity linked to schizophrenia
~ starved of dopamine the brain produces the tremors and decreased mobility of parkinsons
neurotransmitter
serotonin
~ serotonin
~ affects, mood, hunger, sleep and arousal
~ undersupply linked to depression
~Prozac and other antidepressants drugs raise serotonin levels
neurotransmitter
norepinephrine
~norepinephrine
~ helps control alertness and arousal
~ undersupply can depress mood
flight and fight
~ Adrenal hormones
~conjunction with the sympathetic nervous system to speed up the bodily reactions to danger.
thyroid gland
~formed and started to produce the hormone thyroxin
~hormone is necessary for the brain and nervous system to develop properly
thyroxin deficiency
~born with a thyroxin deficiency that is not noticed and quickly treated, they will become intellectually deficient.
~who develop a thyroxin deficiency after the brain has developed do not suffer in the same way, but they grow more slowly.
Pituitary gland
~most important gland because it triggers the release of hormones from all the other glands.
~produces growth hormone that stimulates the growth and development of body cells
Pituitary gland during puberty
~stimulates a girls ovaries to produce more oestrogen and a boys testes to produce more testosterone.
Neurotransmitters
~chemicals that enable activity to travel across the synaptic gap between neurons
