chapter 2 yr12 validation

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the senses.

Question 2

memory

Answer 2

involves paying attention to what you are doing or what you see, converting that into a form that can be stored in the brain and then retrieving that information when it’s required and using it.
Memory can be defined as the internal record

Question 3

sensory memory

Answer 3

Refers to memory retained for a very brief period – less than 5 seconds
Iconic memory is visual memory
Echoic memory is sound memory

Question 4

short-term memory

Answer 4

Information is stored for around 30 seconds.
Short term memory is also known as Working memory (WM)
Thoughts, words and images are available for decision-making and problem-solving.
Working memory is the more preferred term as it emphasises the active nature of processing memory rather than notions of passive maintenance.

Question 5

long-term memory

Answer 5

relatively permanent store of information and it must be very large indeed to retain the information we encounter and remember during our lifetime.
We remember it for more than 30 seconds to forever.
Two Types: Procedural Memory and Declarative memory

Question 6

procedural memory

Answer 6

Procedural Memory: stores the way you do things – the ‘how of memory’.
The memory of how to ride a bike, walk, write, hold a pen – actions and skills have been learned.
It’s called implicit memory because it is not a conscious memory process but rather learning of motor skills.

Question 7

declarative memory

Answer 7

Declarative memory: the ‘what’ of memory.
It is called explicit memory and requires conscious effort for retrieval.
Called declarative, because it allows you to ‘declare’ how things are and what you remember.
Two types of declarative memory – Eposodic and Semantic.

Question 8

2 types of declarative memory

Answer 8

Episodic – memory of past events and it is and internal representation of your own interpretation of an experience in your life.
Episodic – refers to specific events – remembered because of the importance of the information.
Semantic – Refers to knowledge and facts and information – based on understanding and interpretaion.

Question 9

recall

Answer 9

Recall questions ask you to retrieve information from a memory without prompts.

Question 10

recogntion

Answer 10

Recognitions asks you to identify information from a number of alternatives

Question 11

relearning

Answer 11

Relearning – if information is learned quicker the second time it is assumes that some information has been retained from the previous learning.

Question 12

forgetting

Answer 12

Retrieval failure – the inability to retrieve a certain piece of information.
Interference – forgetting is a result of retrieval difficulties due to completing, similar information being stored.
Retroactive interference – new information interferes with the old information. (learn something new forget the old)
Proactive Interference – information previously learned interferes with new learning. (learn new information, but only the last portion of it).
Motivated Forgetting – the inability to retrieve information because there is some advantage to not remembering it.
Decay – the simple fading away of a memory over time.