semester 2 unit 4 (biotech + enzymes)

Question 1

Restriction enzymes

Answer 1

Cut DNA strands into fragments, they recognize and cut foreign DNA entering the cell

Question 2

Sticky ends

Answer 2

One strand is longer than the other

Question 3

Blunt ends

Answer 3

Strands of equal length

Question 4

DNA electrophoresis

Answer 4

Loads DNA, RNA, or protein molecule samples into wells which then they separate based on their size and electrical charge

Question 5

Process of DNA profiling

Answer 5

Extraction, quantitation, amplification, and capillary electrophoresis

Question 6

Unicellar organisms

Answer 6

Organisms made of one cell that carries out all the functions, ex: bacteria

Question 7

Multicelluar organisms

Answer 7

Uses many different cells to function, ex: humans

Question 8

Gene expression

Answer 8

Process of information encoded into a gene used to synthesize a functional gene

Question 9

Sexual reproduction

Answer 9

Organism combines genetic info. from its parents and is genetically unique

Question 10

Asexual reproduction

Answer 10

One parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring

Question 11

Allosteric regulation

Answer 11

Regulates activity of an enzyme by binding an effector to a site other than the enzyme’s active site

Question 12

Enzyme

Answer 12

Large polypeptides with a tertiary or quaternary structure, proteins that act like biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions

Question 13

Substrate

Answer 13

Entered into an active site to produce a product

Question 14

Active site

Answer 14

Area on a molecule where catalytic reaction takes place, results from the folding of the polypeptide chain

Question 15

Induced fit

Answer 15

Allows the enzyme to change its shape to accommodate the substrate

Question 16

Denaturation

Answer 16

Caused by extreme pH values, heat, and presence of metals. Results in loss of active site because structure is destroyed.

Question 17

Immobilization

Answer 17

Process of attaching an enzyme to a material so its movement is restricted which makes it stable

Question 18

What are the advantages of immobilization?

Answer 18

Faster rate of reactions and allows enzymes to be recycled because of immediate separation

Question 19

Activation energy

Answer 19

Initial energy input required for a reaction to begin (bonds being broken, molecules being reoriented, new bonds forming)

Question 20

Metabolic pathway

Answer 20

Any chain/sequence of linked reactions catalyzed by enzymes

Question 21

Explain the difference between competitive inhibitor versus noncompetitive inhibitor

Answer 21

Increasing the substrate concentration reduces the effect of competitive inhibitor, but not the noncompetitive inhibitor because it destroys the enzyme’s active site