semester 2 unit 4 (biotech + enzymes) Flashcards
Restriction enzymes
Cut DNA strands into fragments, they recognize and cut foreign DNA entering the cell
Sticky ends
One strand is longer than the other
Blunt ends
Strands of equal length
DNA electrophoresis
Loads DNA, RNA, or protein molecule samples into wells which then they separate based on their size and electrical charge
Process of DNA profiling
Extraction, quantitation, amplification, and capillary electrophoresis
Unicellar organisms
Organisms made of one cell that carries out all the functions, ex: bacteria
Multicelluar organisms
Uses many different cells to function, ex: humans
Gene expression
Process of information encoded into a gene used to synthesize a functional gene
Sexual reproduction
Organism combines genetic info. from its parents and is genetically unique
Asexual reproduction
One parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring
Allosteric regulation
Regulates activity of an enzyme by binding an effector to a site other than the enzyme’s active site
Enzyme
Large polypeptides with a tertiary or quaternary structure, proteins that act like biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
Substrate
Entered into an active site to produce a product
Active site
Area on a molecule where catalytic reaction takes place, results from the folding of the polypeptide chain
Induced fit
Allows the enzyme to change its shape to accommodate the substrate
Denaturation
Caused by extreme pH values, heat, and presence of metals. Results in loss of active site because structure is destroyed.
Immobilization
Process of attaching an enzyme to a material so its movement is restricted which makes it stable
What are the advantages of immobilization?
Faster rate of reactions and allows enzymes to be recycled because of immediate separation
Activation energy
Initial energy input required for a reaction to begin (bonds being broken, molecules being reoriented, new bonds forming)
Metabolic pathway
Any chain/sequence of linked reactions catalyzed by enzymes
Explain the difference between competitive inhibitor versus noncompetitive inhibitor
Increasing the substrate concentration reduces the effect of competitive inhibitor, but not the noncompetitive inhibitor because it destroys the enzyme’s active site
