semester 2 unit 1

Question 1

Cell cycle

Answer 1

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

Question 2

Interphase stages

Answer 2

G1, S phase, G2

Question 3

How many stages of mitosis? What are they?

Answer 3

4. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (cytokinesis follows mitosis).

Question 4

How do you calculate mitotic index?

Answer 4

Mitotic index = number of cells in mitosis / total number of cells

Question 5

What happens during G1 phase?

Answer 5

Gene expression and cellular respiration (producing ATP)

Question 6

What happens during S phase?

Answer 6

DNA replicates creating two identical DNA strands

Question 7

What happens during G2 phase?

Answer 7

Cell prepares to divide by replenishing energy, synthesizing proteins, and growing in size

Question 8

What happens during prophase?

Answer 8

Chromosomes condense, forming two chromatids. Nuclear membrane disintegrates causing spindle to form.

Question 9

What happens during metaphase?

Answer 9

Spindle organizes chromosomes on equator of the cell. Some spindle fibres attach to the centromeres and some span the cell. M-checkpoint occurs.

Question 10

What happens during anaphase?

Answer 10

Some spindle shorten which pull the chromatids apart. Other spindle lengthen which cause cell to elongate.

Question 11

What happens during telophase?

Answer 11

Two new nuclei form.

Question 12

What happens during CYTOKINESIS?

Answer 12

The cell cytoplasm divides creating two new daughter cells.

Question 13

What happens during INTERPHASE?

Answer 13

Cell spends most of their life in interphase. It grows and replicates its DNA/centrosomes in order to prepare for cell division.

Question 14

What happens during MITOSIS?

Answer 14

The cell replicates and separates its chromosomes. The cell nucleus that holds the DNA divides into 2 equal parts.

Question 15

How do plant cells divide?

Answer 15

Plant cells construct a new cell plate. The materials needed to do so are delivered by vesicles from Golgi.

Question 16

How do animal cells divide?

Answer 16

A ring assembles in the middle of cell creating a cleavage furrow that moves inward (energy using process) to separate the two cells.

Question 17

When do plant cells begin cytokinesis?

Answer 17

Prophase

Question 18

When do animal cells begin cytokinesis?

Answer 18

Anaphase

Question 19

Cyclins

Answer 19

Cyclins control cell cycle progression by determining whether it will be fast or slow. Mutations in cyclin genes can lead to cancer. Cells cannot progress in cell cycle unless specific cyclins (D, E, A, B) reach a certain concentration.

Question 20

Cyclin D

Answer 20

Synthesized during G1. Triggers transition from G1 to S phase.

Question 21

Cyclin E

Answer 21

Synthesized during G1. Triggers transition from G1 to S phase.

Question 22

Cyclin A

Answer 22

Initiates DNA replication. Prepares centrioles for mitosis.

Question 23

Cyclin B

Answer 23

Progresses cell in & out of mitosis.

Question 24

What is mitotic spindle made of?

Answer 24

Microtubules and proteins

Question 25

Which cells have centrioles?

Answer 25

Animals have centrioles, plants have no centrioles.

Question 26

What’s chromatin?

Answer 26

Substance in cell’s nucleus that’s composed of primarily DNA and proteins

Question 27

What’s a chromatid?

Answer 27

One of the two identical halves of a chromosome that’s been replicated during cell division

Question 28

What’s a chromosome?

Answer 28

DNA molecule that holds genetic material

Question 29

Malignant tumor vs benign tumor

Answer 29

Malignant tumors grow rapidly and spread throughout the body destroying nearby tissues. Benign tumors grow slowly and don’t spread.

Question 30

Mutagen

Answer 30

An agent (radiation, chemical substance) that causes a genetic mutation

Question 31

Oncogene

Answer 31

A gene that can transform into a tumor cell

Question 32

Kinetochore

Answer 32

Protein complex that attaches to spindle & centromere