sem 2 final: part 1

Question 1

characteristics of life (7)

Answer 1

excretion, growth, homeostasis, metabolism, nutrition, reproduction, response

Question 2

how do eukaryotes versus prokaryotes divide?

Answer 2

eukaryotes divide through binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis whereas prokaryotes divide only through binary fission

Question 3

binary fission

Answer 3

asexual reproduction, offspring arise from a single parent cell and the offspring is genetically identical to the parent cell

Question 4

process of binary fission

Answer 4

1. parent cell prepares for reproduction 2. prokaryotes replicate DNA before cell division 3. 2 DNA molecules each attach to a different part of the cell membrane and build more membrane to elongate the cell 4. the cells successfully divide and are genetically identical to parent cell

Question 5

the fleming discovery

Answer 5

mold drifted through the air and stopped the spread of a bacteria that had been growing, afterwards fleming found that the mold contained a self-defense chemical which led to the discovery of penicillin

Question 6

florey and chain

Answer 6

testing of penicillin involving mice from where they proved it to be effective

Question 7

homeostasis

Answer 7

keeping conditions inside of the cell within tolerable limits

Question 8

Difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 8

Eukaryotes are animals/plants, prokaryotes are bacteria/archaea. Eukaryotes are bigger, prokaryotes are smaller. Eukaryotes have DNA in their nucleus, prokaryotes have DNA in their nucleoid. Eukaryotes have larger 80s ribosomes, prokaryotes have smaller 70s ribosomes.

Question 9

Cation versus anion

Answer 9

Cation is positively charged whereas anion is negatively charged

Question 10

Covalent bond

Answer 10

Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

Question 11

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 11

Weak interactions that are responsible for cohesion and adhesion

Question 12

Adhesion

Answer 12

Water molecules hydrogen bonding to another kind of molecule (capillary action)

Question 13

Cohesion

Answer 13

Water molecules sticking to each other through hydrogen bonding (surface tension)

Question 14

Catabolism

Answer 14

Breakdown of complex molecules from simpler molecules

Question 15

Anabolism

Answer 15

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules

Question 16

Polymer

Answer 16

consists of large macromolecules repeatedly bonded together

Question 17

4 major classes of carbon compounds

Answer 17

lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins

Question 18

Saturated versus unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 18

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and unsaturated fatty acids have double or triple bonds

Question 19

Cis- versus trans- fatty acid

Answer 19

Cis- fatty acid causes a straight chain and a trans- fatty acid causes a bend in the chain.

Question 20

Channel membrane proteins

Answer 20

have a pore/channel that allows transport of substances in and out of the cell

Question 21

Carrier membrane proteins

Answer 21

bind to substances on one side of the membrane and then change shape to transport them to the other side

Question 22

Recognition membrane proteins

Answer 22

help cell in differentiating between self and non-self cells

Question 23

Receptor membrane proteins

Answer 23

span the whole cell membrane to relay info. in and out of the cell

Question 24

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 24

explains origin of eukaryotic cells (originally prokaryotes that were taken in by larger prokaryotic cells and remained inside host cells instead of being digested/broken down), cells that could provide energy became mitochondria, cells that could convert light energy to chemical energy became chloroplasts

Question 25

Passive transport

Answer 25

is diffusion and osmosis, it does not require energy

Question 26

Active transport

Answer 26

is bulk transport via pump proteins, does require energy

Question 27

Simple diffusion

Answer 27

process of transport that does not require help from membrane proteins

Question 28

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 28

process of transport that does require help from membrane proteins

Question 29

Osmosis

Answer 29

passive movement of water molecules from low to high concentration

Question 30

Effect on a cell in a hypertonic, hypotonic, ad isotonic environment

Answer 30

Hypertonic: cell will shrink (higher concentration of solutes). Hypotonic: cell will enlarge (lower concentration of solutes). Isotonic: cell will remain the same size.

Question 31

Endocytosis versus exocytosis

Answer 31

ENDOCYTOSIS: cells take in molecules by engulfing them through pinocytosis (cell drinking) and phagocytosis (cell eating). EXOCYTOSIS: molecules are ejected from the cell via excretion.