semester 2 unit 3

Question 1

Gene expression

Answer 1

Process of what information from a gene is used to synthesize a phenotype

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

INITIATION begins when double helix unwinds and RNA polymerase binds to DNA, ELONGATION is when nucleotides are added to mRNA in 3’ to 5’ region, TERMINATION is when mRNA synthesis is complete which begins disassembly

Question 3

Sense strand

Answer 3

1 strand of DNA, provides the code to make a protein

Question 4

Antisense strand

Answer 4

In 2 stranded DNA, the antisense strand is binded to sense strand

Question 5

Splicing

Answer 5

Process of introns leaving mRNA as it matures and exons joining to create mature mRNA (results in protein synthesis template)

Question 6

Role of nucleosomes

Answer 6

Represses all transcription processes

Question 7

Role of promoter

Answer 7

Controls whether RNA polymerase can access the gene

Question 8

Role of silencer & enhancer

Answer 8

Silencer & Enhancers are non-coding DNA base sequence that regulate gene expression

Question 9

Role of repressor

Answer 9

When repressor is added to operator, promoter stops binding with RNA polymerase

Question 10

Genetic code

Answer 10

The 4 nucleotides (A, T, C, G) that create a codon

Question 11

Polysome

Answer 11

Cluster of ribosomes attaching to mRNA to accelerate protein synthesis

Question 12

Structure of tRNA

Answer 12

Folded structure with 3 loops that form a three-leafed clover shape

Question 13

Structure of mRNA

Answer 13

Long, single-stranded molecule made of nucleotides A, U, C, G

Question 14

Structure of ribosomes

Answer 14

Consists of small and large subunits

Question 15

Free ribosomes

Answer 15

Synthesizes proteins in mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, and nucleus

Question 16

Bound ribosomes

Answer 16

Synthesizes proteins in ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane, and ones that are to be exported out of cell

Question 17

Translation in eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells

Answer 17

Eukaryotes have an Asynchronous process whereas Prokaryotes have a Synchronous process

Question 18

There are _ common amino acids used by living things

Answer 18

20

Question 19

Primary structure

Answer 19

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain

Question 20

Secondary structure

Answer 20

Arrangement of a polypeptides backbone

Question 21

Tertiary structure

Answer 21

The three-dimensional structure of an entire polypeptide chain

Question 22

Quaternary structure

Answer 22

Occurs in proteins that are made of 2 or more polypeptide chains

Question 23

Formation of peptide bond

Answer 23

Formed by condensation reaction, 2 amino acids bind together

Question 24

Translation

Answer 24

INITIATION begins when mRNA binds to small & large ribosomal subunits, ELONGATION is when aminoacyl-tRNA binds to A site, TERMINATION is when release factor binds to A site, disassembly begins