sem 2 final: part 3

Question 1

Random collison

Answer 1

Aligns the substrate and active site

Question 2

Induced fit

Answer 2

Allows the enzyme to change its shape to accommodate the substrate

Question 3

Denaturation

Answer 3

Caused by extreme pH values, heat, and presence of metals. Results in loss of active site because structure is destroyed.

Question 4

Immobilization

Answer 4

Process of attaching an enzyme to a material so its movement is restricted which makes it stable

Question 5

Exothermic versus endothermic reaction

Answer 5

Exothermic reaction releases energy. Endothermic reaction absorbs energy.

Question 6

Metabolic pathway

Answer 6

Any chain/sequence of linked reactions catalyzed by enzymes.

Question 7

Restriction enzymes

Answer 7

Cut DNA strands into fragments, they recognize and cut foreign DNA entering the cell

Question 8

Gene expression

Answer 8

Process of information encoded into a gene used to synthesize a functional gene

Question 9

Relationship between DNA, chromosomes, and genes

Answer 9

DNA contains genetic material that is responsible for the function of an organism. Chromosomes are long chains of DNA that contain many genes. Genes are short strands of DNA that code for one characteristic.

Question 10

Haploid vs diploid

Answer 10

Haploid is the homologous chromosome and diploid is the homologous pair

Question 11

Nondisjunction

Answer 11

Occurs when homologous pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate (during anaphase I/II of meiosis)

Question 12

Tetrad or bivalent

Answer 12

4 homologous chromatids or 2 homologous chromosomes

Question 13

Sister chromatids

Answer 13

Identical and joined at the centromere

Question 14

Synapsis

Answer 14

Process where homologous pairs of replicated chromosomes align closely during prophase I

Question 15

Recombinant gametes

Answer 15

Gametes containing new combos of alleles, different from the 2 parents

Question 16

Random orientation

Answer 16

The behaviour of alleles of unlinked genes as a result of gamete production

Question 17

Crossing over

Answer 17

NON-SISTER HOMOLOGOUS CHROMATIDS are exchanged by breaking of COVALENT bonds in BACKBONE of DNA strands causing helices to SWITCH.

Question 18

Chiasmata

Answer 18

Where crossing-over occurs

Question 19

Zygote

Answer 19

Fertilized egg cell

Question 20

Outline first part of MEIOSIS (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I)

Answer 20

PROPHASE I: Nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers start to form crossing over. METAPHASE I: Paired chromosomes line up at equator of cell, a spindle fiber attaches to each pair. ANAPHASE I: Spindle fibers pull the paired chromosomes apart. TELOPHASE I: Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell and nuclear membrane may reform.

Question 21

Outline second part of MEIOSIS (prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II)

Answer 21

PROPHASE II: Nuclear envelope breaks, spindle fibers form between centrosomes. METAPHASE II: Unpaired chromosomes line up at equator of the cell. ANAPHASE II: Unpaired chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. TELOPHASE II: Nuclear membranes begin to reform around new chromosomes, chromosomes decondense.

Question 22

Mendel’s laws

Answer 22

LAW OF SEGREGATION: inheritance of each characteristic is controlled by a pair of alleles that are passed from 1 generation to the next. LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT: the allele inherited for 1 gene does not affect the allele inherited for different gene. LAW OF DOMINANCE: organisms with 2 different alleles will have one allele that determines the trait (dominant) and an unexpressed allele (recessive).

Question 23

Competitive enzyme inhibitors

Answer 23

Competes with substrate for the same active site

Question 24

Noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors

Answer 24

Binds at a site away from active site which alters the shape of enzyme so its dysfunctional

Question 25

Allosteric regulation

Answer 25

Regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule to a site other than the enzyme’s active site (the allosteric site)

Question 26

Linked versus unlinked genes

Answer 26

Linked genes do not independently assort. Unlinked genes do independently assort.