sem 2 final: part 3 Flashcards
Random collison
Aligns the substrate and active site
Induced fit
Allows the enzyme to change its shape to accommodate the substrate
Denaturation
Caused by extreme pH values, heat, and presence of metals. Results in loss of active site because structure is destroyed.
Immobilization
Process of attaching an enzyme to a material so its movement is restricted which makes it stable
Exothermic versus endothermic reaction
Exothermic reaction releases energy. Endothermic reaction absorbs energy.
Metabolic pathway
Any chain/sequence of linked reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
Restriction enzymes
Cut DNA strands into fragments, they recognize and cut foreign DNA entering the cell
Gene expression
Process of information encoded into a gene used to synthesize a functional gene
Relationship between DNA, chromosomes, and genes
DNA contains genetic material that is responsible for the function of an organism. Chromosomes are long chains of DNA that contain many genes. Genes are short strands of DNA that code for one characteristic.
Haploid vs diploid
Haploid is the homologous chromosome and diploid is the homologous pair
Nondisjunction
Occurs when homologous pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate (during anaphase I/II of meiosis)
Tetrad or bivalent
4 homologous chromatids or 2 homologous chromosomes
Sister chromatids
Identical and joined at the centromere
Synapsis
Process where homologous pairs of replicated chromosomes align closely during prophase I
Recombinant gametes
Gametes containing new combos of alleles, different from the 2 parents
Random orientation
The behaviour of alleles of unlinked genes as a result of gamete production
Crossing over
NON-SISTER HOMOLOGOUS CHROMATIDS are exchanged by breaking of COVALENT bonds in BACKBONE of DNA strands causing helices to SWITCH.
Chiasmata
Where crossing-over occurs
Zygote
Fertilized egg cell
Outline first part of MEIOSIS (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I)
PROPHASE I: Nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers start to form crossing over. METAPHASE I: Paired chromosomes line up at equator of cell, a spindle fiber attaches to each pair. ANAPHASE I: Spindle fibers pull the paired chromosomes apart. TELOPHASE I: Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell and nuclear membrane may reform.
Outline second part of MEIOSIS (prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II)
PROPHASE II: Nuclear envelope breaks, spindle fibers form between centrosomes. METAPHASE II: Unpaired chromosomes line up at equator of the cell. ANAPHASE II: Unpaired chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. TELOPHASE II: Nuclear membranes begin to reform around new chromosomes, chromosomes decondense.
Mendel’s laws
LAW OF SEGREGATION: inheritance of each characteristic is controlled by a pair of alleles that are passed from 1 generation to the next. LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT: the allele inherited for 1 gene does not affect the allele inherited for different gene. LAW OF DOMINANCE: organisms with 2 different alleles will have one allele that determines the trait (dominant) and an unexpressed allele (recessive).
Competitive enzyme inhibitors
Competes with substrate for the same active site
Noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors
Binds at a site away from active site which alters the shape of enzyme so its dysfunctional
Allosteric regulation
Regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule to a site other than the enzyme’s active site (the allosteric site)
Linked versus unlinked genes
Linked genes do not independently assort. Unlinked genes do independently assort.
