Semester 2 RAD QUALITY Flashcards
Which of the following radiographic accessories functions to produce a uniform density on the radiograph
Wedge filter and step wedge
CHF increase or decrease technique
Increase
15% rule
Increase KVP by 15% will have the same affect on RE as doubling the mAs
A 15% increase in KVP accompanied by 15% decrease in mAs will result in
Longer scale of contrast and increase in receptor exposure
Device that restricts the size of the x-ray field to only the anatomical structure of interest
Cones, collimator, Aperture diaphragm
Methods of limiting the production of scatter radiation
Use the prone position for abdominal exams, restrict the field size to the smallest practical size, use high KVP
What is the grid ratio of a grid with 3MM height, .025MM sick lead grid strips, and .3 MM sick enter space material?
10:1, 16:1, 8:1
Pneumonia increase or decrease technique
Increase
Which of the following is/are true concerning the role of KVP in image production?
- As KVP is increased penetrating ability of x-rays increases
- As KVP is increased more x-rays exit the patient to strike the IR
- As KVP is decreased, receptor exposure decreases
12&3
Contrast resolution is improved by
Lower in KVP, tight collimation, patient compression
Degenerative arthritis is a destructive disease true or false
True
Distance has no effect on radiation quality T/F
True
The functions of automatic beam limitation devices include
- Reducing the production of scattered radiation
- Increasing the absorption of scattered radiation
- Changing the quality of the x-ray beam
1 only
What is osteoporosis
Loss of bone density, wasting of tissue, inflammatory condition
How does body habitus affect the selection of technical factors
In general the larger the patient or body part the more mAs and KVP needed to obtain an optimal image
The main disadvantage of using parallel grid is
Grid cut off and lowered frequency
Bowel obstruction increase or decrease technique
Decrease
Discuss how an increase in KVP changes x-ray quantity, x-ray quality and contrast scale
Quantity increases because higher KVP is more efficient in producing x-rays quality increases because of the x-ray beam has a higher effective energy and is more penetrating
Hayao KVP produces last differential absorption and therefore reduce his contrast
Emphysema increase or decrease technique
Decrease
What is acites
Abnormal accumulation of fluid
Why does tissue compression improve image contrast
reduces the thickness of the tissue so that less scatter radiation is produced the result is better image contrast and lower patient dose
Hemothorax increase or decrease technique
Increase
Sharpness of detail can be improved by increasing
SID and focal spot size
Added filtration has the effect of _____ The beam quality and ______ contrast
Increasing, reducing
How can you improve image contrast with a heavy patient without increasing patient dose
Use tight collimation
A pneumothorax is free air in the interstitial tissue spaces of the lung T/F
False
The ability to see the detail on an image and is best measured by contrast resolution
visibility of detail
Radiographic grade constructed so that the grid strips converge on an imaginary line to coincide with the divergence of the x-ray beam
Focus grid
List the following tissues in order from most radiolucent to most radiopaque 1 muscle 2 fat 3 lung 4 bone
3214
Which combination of exposure factors will most likely contribute to producing the longest scale contrast
12 mAs 90 kvp 8:1 grid ratio
Ability to distinguish between and to image similar tissues
Contrast resolution
Describe the two focal spots available in x-ray tubes explain how each is typically used
Large and small. More x-rays can be produced with large focal spot size small focal spot capacity of x-ray production is limited. A small focal spot is used for fine detail radiography magnification radiography and extremity radiography
Atelectasis increase or decrease technique
Increase
What is arthritis
Inflammatory condition
Calculate no grid 80 mAs 75 KVP= 16:1 grid ____ mAs 86 kvp
240 mAs
Atrophy increase or decrease technique
Decrease
Absence of R E on an image due to the unintended x-ray absorption by the grid led strips
Grid cut off
True or false patient does increases with increasing grid ratio
True
Foreshortening is caused by
An angled body part when the beam is perpendicular to the image receptor
Why should a lumbar spine be well collimated
To reduce scatter reaching the image receptor which will improve image contrast
The purpose of a grid is to achieve
Improved image contrast
Osteoporosis increase or decrease technique
Decrease
Plural effusion increase or decrease technique
Increase
Pneumothorax
A collection of air or gas in the plural space causing the lung to collapse
Scatter radiation increases as ______ increases
Field size
True or false all pathological conditions increase subject density
False
Which is the linear grid with a widest latitude for centering and focus
5:1
The required total filtration is 2.0 Al equivalent
False
What happens to image contrast and patient does Asmore filtration is added to the x-ray beam
Increasing beam filtration reduces both image contrast and patient dose
Ascites increase or decrease technique
Increase
RE on an image can be controlled by two major factors
Correct mAs and SID
What is emphysema
Overdistention of lung tissue by air
A radiograph with long scale of contrast will have ____ latitude and _____ contrast
Wide low
Three primary factors influencing the intensity of scatter in the image forming Beam are
KVP, field size, patient thickness
Contrast improvement factor is higher for high-grade ratios true or false
True
What is atrophy
Wasting of tissue
Calculate the new mAs no grid 60 mAs = 12:1 grid _____ mAs
300
An increase in being restriction will increase our E true or false
False
Which one of these groups of exposure factors would produce the greatest receptor exposure
400 mA, .2 sec, 90 kvp, 16:1 grid, 40” SID
Inherent glass envelope oil plastic window mirrors plus added filtration sheets of aluminum
Total filtration
Which of the following technical changes would best serve to remedy the effect of widely different tissue densities
High KVP exposure factors
The misrepresentation of object size and shape on an image
Distortion
And understanding of pathology will help the radiographer reduce the need for repeat T/F
True
Pathology affect subject density T/F
True
Calculate 5:1 grid 75mAs = 8:1 _____ mAs
150
Calculate 12:1 grid 120 mAs = 5:1 grid ____ mAs
48
Define aortic aneurysm
A localized dilation of the wall of the aorta caused by atherosclerosis or hypertension
The exposure factors used for a particular non-grid radiographs were 400 mA, .w sec, and 90 kvp. Another radiograph using an 8:1 grid is requested. Which of the following groups of factors is most appropriate
400 mA , .08 s, 90 kvp
The principal advantage of a large focal spot compared with a small focal spot is
A greater number of x-rays can be produced
Calculate 12:1 100 mAs 90 kvp = 8:1 grid ____ mAs 76 kvp
160
Small focal spot will provide a
Finer detail of image
If you increase oh I do you will increase or decrease size distortion
Increase
And undistorted image results when the object plane in the image plane are
Parallel
Focal spot size affects magnification and shape distortion
False
Boxer fracture
Fifth metacarpal
KVP is the most important influence on subject contrast
True
Distortion can be caused by
Tube angle, the position of the Organ or structure within the body, the radiographic positioning of the part
SIDaffect spatial resolution in which of the following ways
Spatial resolution is directly related to SID
Three primary geometric factors affecting image quality are
Magnification, distortion, focal spot blur
Patient thickness affects image quality by affecting
Focal spot blur, magnification, radiographic contrast
The best way to minimize magnification is to have
Short OID, long SID
The ability to image to separate objects visually detect one from another
Resolution
Bennett fracture
First metacarpal
Destructive disease pathology causes the tissue to be more radiolucent appearing white on the image
False
If subject density increases contrast will increase or decrease
Increase
Spatial resolution can be improved by
Careful instructions to the patient using the shortest time
Irregular anatomy does not cause distortion when imaged off the central ray
False
Increasing which of the following is effective in reducing focal spot blur
SID
Ability to distinguish anatomical structures of similar subject contrast such as liver and spleen
Contrast resolution
Grade a latitude is available to the radiographer in which of the following Circumstances
Using a low grade ratio using high KVP
A linear object (like an extremity) is placed at an angle to the image receptor if the CR is directed perpendicularly toward the receptor of the object will be
Foreshortened
Added filtration has the effect of ______ The beam quality and _____ Patient dose
Increasing, reducing
Which of the following list of substances that make up the human body best places in increasing order of density
Air, fat, water, muscle, bone
Increase in the S ID and adjusting the exposure factors with the direct square law to maintain R E will
Increase spatial resolution
Image noise may be described as
Undesirable fluctuations (graininess) in brightness
Which of the following factors are associated with subject contrast
Patient thickness, tissue density, KVP
The variation of the x-ray intensity along the longitudinal axis of the x-ray beam describes
Anode heel affects
Acceptable methods of minimizing motion unsharpness are
Suspended respiration, short exposure time, patient instruction
All of the following are related to spatial resolution except
Grid ratio
An increase in OID will
Increase magnification, decrease spatial resolution
Which of the following sets of technical factors would produce an image with the greatest spatial resolution
100 mA .3 s 90kvp 72” SID 2” OID .6mm FSs
If the radiographer is unable to achieve a short OID because of patient condition which of the following adjustments can be made to minimize magnification
A longer S ID should be used
Focus flat blur occurs because the x-rays are not coming from a point
True
When performing a thoracic spine procedure you want to take advantage of the anode heel is sacked by positioning the patient
With the abdomen at the cathode end of the tube
Focal spot blur is greatest
Toward the cathode end of the tube
To improve Bonnie detail in a radiograph the radiologic technologist could do which of the following
Use a smaller focal spot
A decrease in spatial resolution may be expected with and
Increase in OID, increase in focal spot size
An increase in SID will
Increase spatial resolution, decrease magnification
An increase in angulation of the tube, part or IR decreases distortion
False
Focal spot blur can be reduced by using
A small focal spot a short OID
Commuted fracture
Multiple fragments
If the object plane in the image plane are not parallel distortion occurs
True
Which of these body parts has the highest subject contrast
Chest
Which of the following will result in the best spatial resolution
.3 MM FS
Collies fracture is
Distal radius fracture with posterior dislocation
Thick objects are more distorted than thin ones T/F
True
Greenstick fracture
Bowing of shaft
And image receptor with _____ can be used over a greater range of exposures
Wide latitude
If you increase IR speed you will increase or decrease spatial resolution
Decrease
A high-quality image should always demonstrate
Minimal magnification
The area projected onto the patient in the image receptor
Effective focal spot
Which of the following are symptoms of shock
Cool clammy pale skin Low blood pressure accelerated pulse
As KVP ____ The probability of photoelectric absorption ______
Increases, decreases
Which of the following characteristics describes the interaction between x-radiation and barium sulfate
Increase x-ray photon absorption, high atomic number of contrast agent, increased radiographic contrast
Diverticulum is a
Pouch like herniations through muscular walls
Air must not be injected when performing venipuncture because
An air embolus word form and may be fatal to the patient
The two primary forms of x ray Interaction in the diagnostic range are
Compton scattering, photoelectric absorption
Air contrast BE studies are successful because
Low KVP techniques are used, there are differences in effective atomic number, there are differences in mass density
Which of the following patient history factors could result in medical complications from barium sulfate administration
Colin biopsy two hours ago, ulcerative colitis, sedated patient
Add the first indication of a contact the technologist
Stop the exam and obtain help so as not to alarm the patient
Suspension agents such as sodium carbonate added to a barium sulfate to prevent
Flocculation
Which of the following drugs should be discontinued 48 hours before and up to 48 hours after the administration of water soluble iodinated contrast media
Glucophage
All patients should expect correct procedures with regard to drug administration these correct procedures or rights include
The correct time forgiving the drug, The right route of a ministration, correct drug and drug amount administered
Which of the following maybe used to effectively reduce the viscosity of contrast media
Warming
The ideal Iodinated contrast agent would have what characteristics
Low osmolality, non-ionic chemical structure
A good patient history should be taken by the technologist to
Assist a radiologist in understanding the patient’s illness disease or injury
In reviewing a patient’s blood work prior to the administration of contrast media which of the following BUN ranges is considered normal
8-25 mg/100 ml
Proper treatment for contrast media extravasation into tissues around a vein includes
Application of moist heat to affected area, application of pressure to injection site
What is the most frequently use site for IV injection of contrast media
Anti-cubital vein
Which of the following are characteristics of barium sulfate
Metallic salts, higher atomic number
A severe life-threatening response to a drug is called
Anaphylaxis
A common contrast media used to demonstrate the G.I. tract is
Barium sulfate
The highest incidence of contrast media reactions occurs with the use of
Iodinated contrast media
The most frequently performed exam using a contrast medium is a
Chest x-ray
Which of the following criteria would be considerations for the use of nonionic contrast media rather than an ionic contrast agent for a CT exam
The patient reports a history of hayfever, patient is 75-year-old diabetic, patient experienced nausea and flushing during previous injection of contrast media, sickle cell disease, patient has a history of cardiac problems
When a G.I. series has been requested on a patient with suspected perforated ulcer the type of contrast media that should be used is
Water soluble
Who is the most important person in the radiology department
The patient
Each of the following is an example of a negative contrast media except
Barium sulfate
The osmotic affects of ionic contrast agents are a result of the movement of
Water from the body cells into the bloodstream causing increased blood volume and higher blood pressure
Contrast media that are high in osmolality can be harmful to the patients with compromise renal function. Patient to commonly have compromised kidney function include
Patients with diabetes, renal dialysis patients, elderly patients
Do use of contrast agents increases the amount of
Photoelectric absorption
Or select examinations air (negative contrast agent) and radiopaque contrast are used as a pair to outline mucosal lining‘s, joint spaces, passageways. These exams are considered
Double contrast studies
A quantity of medication introduced over a period of time is termed
An infusion
A patient is usually required to drink barium in order to demonstrate which of the following structures
Plyorus , stomach, duo denim
The use of contrast material as a means for visualizing human anatomy has a long history regardless of the type of contrast media the purpose for using contrast media is to
Enhance the low subject contrast of anatomic structures
Which of the following are true concerning positive contrast media
Water soluble iodine compounds may be used if perforations are suspected
Barium should be mixed with cold water for a BE
Barium is an inert substance
Water soluble iodine compounds may cause serious dehydration
Barium is a surgical containment
The difference between those x-rays that are absorbed in those that are transmitted
Differential absorption
An injection that is given to a patient relies on a _____ route of administration
Parenteral
Which one of the following radiographic examination should be scheduled last
UGI
Radiographic contrast media that is injected into the circulatory system must be
Water soluble
Volvulus is
Twisting of a loop of bowel
Hi atomic number element absorb x-rays at a greater rate than lower atomic elements T/F
T
A polyp is a
Small growth from the mucous membranes
The recommendation to use cold tapwater when mixing with a barium sulfate for barium enema enema studies is to reduce which of the following symptoms
Abdominal cramping, bowel irritation, colon spasms
Choose the priority scheduling order of fasting patient scheduled for contrast media examination 1 children 2 elderly or debilitated patients 3 adult 4 diabetic patients
2413
Differential absorption is dependent on the
KVP of the exposure, atomic number of the absorber, mass density of the absorber
And air embolus can form as a complication of negative contrast media administration
True
Air must not be injected when performing an IV because
And air embolus would form and may become fatal to the patient
After injected Iodinated contrast media radiographer should
Remain with the patient and observe for signs of reaction
Radiolucent contrast media appear
Dark on images
Which of the following drugs is an antihistamine and is given to the patient who is experiencing a minor allergic reaction such as hives
Benadryl