semester 2 endocrine Flashcards
what is energy metabolism like in a fasted state and what hormone controls it
catabolic, glucagon
what is energy metabolism like in a fed state and what hormone controls it
anabolic, insulin
anabolism
using chemical energy to build up macromolecules
catabolism
breaking down macromolecules to generate chemical energy
symptoms of hypoglycaemia
- dizziness
- hunger
- irritability
- headache
- tingly lips
what occurs due to counter-regulatory activity of SNS during hypoglycaemia
palpitation, tremors, sweating, anxiety
what happens due to glucose deficiency in the brain
loss of concentration, slurred speech, seizures, loss of consciousness, coma
what happens as a result of hyperglycaemia
increased vol and freq of urination, thirst, dehydration
what happens in acute hyperglycaemia
confusion, high temp, seizure and coma
what happens in chronic hyperglycaemia
long-term complications, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy
another way of saying chronic hyperglycaemia
diabetes mellitus
what do metformin and pioglitazone do
improve insulin action, treats type 2 diabetes
what do sulphonylureas and incretin-based therapies do
promote insulin do, treat type 2 diabetes
what do SGLT-2 inhibitors do
decrease renal reabsorption of glucose
how is energy redirected in times of stress
- increase CV tone and ventilation
- increase glucose availablilty
- decrease energy-consuming activites
what are the 2 parts of the integrated stress response system
SNS, adrenaline and CRH-CTH-cortisol
what does CRH-ACTH-cortisol do
- increase CO and ventilation
- diversion of blood flow to muscles and heart
- mobilisation of glycogen and fat stores
metabolic actions of cortisol
build up glycogen stores
what happens if there is elevated cortisol levels for a prolonged period of time in chronic stress situations
- muscle wasting
- hyperglycaemia
- GI ulcers
- impaired immune response
2 adrenal disorders
cushings syndrome, addisons disease
