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human physiology > endocrine pt 1 > Flashcards

endocrine pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

example of autocrine communication substance

A

prostaglandins

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2
Q

example of paracrine communication substance

A

somatostatin on insulin secretion

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3
Q

what does autocrine mean

A

cell secretes substance into interstitial fluid, substance then effects that same cell

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4
Q

what does paracrine mean

A

substance is released into interstitial fluid and then effects neighbouring cell

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5
Q

where are hormones secreted from in neuroendocrine messages

A

nerve cells

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6
Q

where do neurones store hormones

A

in granules in the axon terminal

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7
Q

2 examples of hormones secreted by neurones

A

oxytocin and arginine vasopressin

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8
Q

what is another name for arginine vasopressin

A

ADH - antidiuretic hormone

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9
Q

4 different types of endocrine hormones

A

peptide, steroid, hormones derived from tyrosine and eicosanoids (prostaglandins)

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10
Q

peptide hormones

A

strings of amino acids, includes those from hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary glands, pancreas and GIT

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11
Q

steroid hormones

A

derived from cholesterol, includes cortisol, aldosterone and sex hormones

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12
Q

hormones derived from tyrosine

A

thyroid hormones and catecholamines

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13
Q

where are the catecholamines secreted from

A

adrenal medulla

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14
Q

examples of catecholamines

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

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15
Q

where are cortisol and aldosterone produced

A

adrenal cortex

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16
Q

what effect does the chemical make up of a hormone have on it

A

effects the way they are synthesised, stored, transported and how they act

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17
Q

peptide hormone synthesis

A

they are secreted out the cell, synthesised in same way that proteins are when they are exported

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18
Q

steps of peptide hormone synthesis

A
  1. transcription of gene into mRNA
  2. translation in ribosome (RER)
  3. pre signal is cleaved
  4. now a prohormone -> goes to the golgi complex
  5. hormone is packaged into secretory granules
  6. exocytosis
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19
Q

what is preprohormone

A

first molecule made in peptide hormone synthesis, has a “pre” segment which is a hydrophobic signal peptide. Tells the cell there needs to be more processing and packaging

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20
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis

A

cholesterol converted by enzymatic conversions into a hormone

21
Q

steroid hormone transportation

A

must be bound to plasma carrier proteins to travel in aqueous blood plasma as they are lipophilic

22
Q

peptide vs steroid and thyroid: solubility

A

peptide are hydrophilic and the others are lipophilic

23
Q

peptide vs steroid and thyroid: binding to plasma proteins

A

peptide are free hormones so don’t bind but thyroid and steroid do with weak, reversible bonds

24
Q

peptide vs steroid and thyroid: half life

A

peptides have a half life of minutes whereas the others have hours steroid /days thyroid

25
Q

what does binding to plasma proteins do, other than transport, for hormones

A

delays metabolism, provides circulating reservoir of hormones, biologically inactive

26
Q

peptide hormone action

A

interact w plasma membrane receptors

27
Q

2 types of plasma membrane receptors that peptide hormones interact w

A

G protein receptors, tyrosine kinase linked receptor

28
Q

what physiological response is a result of the signal transduction triggered by peptide hormones

A

altered enzyme activities, ion channel activity change, altered expression of specific proteins

29
Q

steroid and thyroid hormone action

A

interact with intracellular receptors which are regarded as hormone-regulated transcription factors

30
Q

examples of receptors that steroid and thyroid hormones interact with

A

cytosolic and nuclear receptors

31
Q

what happens when the steroid hormone/ thyroid hormone binds to the receptor

A

the complex then goes and binds to the promotor of specific genes and effect gene expression

32
Q

what is the endocrine axis

A

interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary and peripheral endocrine glands which show feedback regulation

33
Q

what effects what in the endocrine axis (general model)

A

hypothalamus releases releasing hormone which stimulates or inhibits the anterior pituitary which releases tropic hormone which stimulates peripheral endocrine gland which releases peripheral hormone which leads to a target cell response

34
Q

what happens if the peripheral hormone level is too high

A

activation of the negative feedback loops which decrease effects of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

35
Q

what does the short feedback loop from the tropic hormone effect

A

hypothalamus

36
Q

what does some feedback from the target cell effect

A

hypothalamus

37
Q

what are neuroendocrine reflexes

A

when there is input from higher centres in the brain e.g. stress increasing hypothalamus activity which leads to cortisol release

38
Q

what is the diurnal rhythm

A

day-night hormone levels

39
Q

what is the circadian rhythm

A

cycle of hormone levels in a day

40
Q

what does hypersecretion mean

A

hormone excess

41
Q

what does hyposecretion mean

A

lack of hormone

42
Q

why would someone have decreased target-cell responsiveness

A

due to differing receptor levels and downstream enzyme levels

43
Q

what is a primary endocrine disorder cause

A

when it is associated with gland that makes the hormone

44
Q

what is a secondary endocrine disorder cause

A

due to another condition or abnormal hypothalamic -pituitary secretion of tropic hormone

45
Q

what is cushings syndrome

A

excess cortisol

46
Q

treatment for hormone deficiency

A

hormone replacement

47
Q

treatment for hormone excess

A

block production w drugs

48
Q

treatment for decreased cell responsiveness

A

drugs to enhance cellular response

49
Q

treatment for tumour effecting hormone levels

A

radiotherapy or surgery

human physiology (15 decks)

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