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human physiology > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

vol of blood in normal adult

A

5.5L

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2
Q

how much of blood is haematocrit

A

45%

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3
Q

polycythaemia

A

bone marrow tumours

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4
Q

symptoms of polycythaemia

A
  1. red complexion
  2. headache
  3. blurred vision
  4. confusion
  5. stroke/coma
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5
Q

what is absolute erythrocytosis

A

raised RBC mass, normal plasma volume

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6
Q

what is apparent erythrocytosis

A

normal RBC mass, reduced plasma volume

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7
Q

plasma components

A
  1. water
  2. solutes
    3, proteins
  3. albumin
  4. globulins
  5. fibrinogen
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8
Q

what do albumins do and where are they made

A

made in liver, contribute to colloid osmotic pressure

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9
Q

what do globulins do and where are they made

A

made in liver and lymphoid tissue, clotting factors, enzymes and antibodies

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10
Q

what do fibrinogens do and where are they made

A

liver, forms fibrin strands for blood clotting

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11
Q

what does transferrin do and where are they made

A

liver, iron transport

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12
Q

erythrocytes size and conc

A

7-8 µm, 5 million/µl

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13
Q

why can erythrocytes easily pass through capillaries

A

they are highly flexible

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14
Q

how many Hb molecules in a single RBC

A

250,000,000

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15
Q

how long to RBCs survive

A

120 days

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16
Q

sites of haematopoiesis

A

yolk sac, liver/spleen, bone marrow

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17
Q

where is red bone marrow in adults

A

sternum, ribs and upper ends of long limb bones

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18
Q

how is erythropoiesis controlled

A
  1. kidneys detect reduced O2- carrying capacity of blood
  2. less O2 delivered to kidney so erythropoietin secreted
  3. erythropoietin triggers erythropoiesis by bone marrow
  4. additional RBCs increase O2-carrying capacity of blood
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19
Q

CO2 effect on RBCs

A

binds irreversibly to polypeptide chains, carbonic anhydrase found in RBCs

20
Q

CO effect on RBCs

A

occupies O2 binding sites, leads to CO poisoning, Hb has 4x more affinity for CO than O2

21
Q

NO effect on RBCs

A

vasodilator, allows blood to circulate

22
Q

Fe in diet effect on blood

A
  1. absorbed by active transport
  2. transferrin transports Fe in plasma
  3. liver stores Fe as ferrin
  4. bone marrow uses Fe to make Hb
  5. spleen converts Hb to bilirubin
  6. liver metabolises bilirubin and excretes it as bile
23
Q

3 steps of haemostasis

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. formation of thrombus
  3. formation of blood clot
24
Q

what do platelets (thrombocytes) contain

A
  1. mitochondria
  2. SER
  3. cytoplasmic granules
25
Q

what secretes vWf

A

megakaryocytes, platelets and endothelial cells

26
Q

what does vWf do upon damage

A
  1. binds to collagen
  2. platelets binds to it and trigger stickiness
  3. secretion
27
Q

what do platelets secrete after binding to vWf

A

serotonin, ADP, epinephrine

28
Q

what halts clot formation

A

prostacyclin, nitric acid

29
Q

how does clot formation halt

A
  1. exposed collagen binds and activates platelets
  2. platelet factors released
  3. attracts more platelets
  4. platelets aggregate into plug
30
Q

platelet function factors: Collagen

A

from subendothelial extracellular matrix, injury exposes platelets to collagen

31
Q

platelet function factors: vWf

A

activated by exposure to collagen, links platelets to collagen

32
Q

platelet function factors: serotonin

A

from secretory vesicles of platelets, activated by platelet activation, aggregates platelets

33
Q

platelet function factors: ADP

A

from platelet mitochondria, activated by platelet activation and thrombin, aggregates platelets

34
Q

platelet function factors: platelet activating factor (PAF)

A

from platelets/neutrophils, activated by platelet activation, aggregates platelets

35
Q

platelet function factors: Thromboxane A2

A

from phospholipids, activated by PAF, aggregates platelets

36
Q

platelet function factors: platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

A

from platelets, activated by platelet activation

37
Q

what triggers fibrinogen

A

coagulation cascade

38
Q

how do anticoagulants work

A
  1. inhibit platelet adhesion
  2. inhibit coagulation cascade + fibrin production
39
Q

causes of coaggulation disorders

A
  1. liver disease
  2. cirrhosis
  3. vit K deficiency
  4. haemophilia
  5. low blood platelets
39
Q

examples of anticoagulants

A

heparin, antithrombin II

39
Q

how does warfarin work as an anticoagulant

A

blocks vitamin K which is a cofactor in factor II, VII, IX, and X synthesis

40
Q

type A haemophilia

A

factor VIII deficiency, 80% of cases

41
Q

type B haemophilia

A

factor IX deficiency, treated w gene therapy

42
Q

4 key players in lymphatic system

A
  1. histamines
  2. interleukins
  3. bradykinin
  4. complement cascade
43
Q

function of antibodies

A
  1. activate B lymphocytes
  2. act as opsonins
  3. cause antigen clumping
  4. activate antibody dependent cellular activity
  5. trigger mast cell degeneration
  6. activate compliment

human physiology (15 decks)

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